# The Effects of Pilates in Parkinson’s Disease—A Narrative Review

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the current evidence on using Pilates to improve balance and motor functions in Parkinson’s disease patients.

## Contribution

It highlights the lack of strong scientific evidence and methodological flaws in existing studies on Pilates for Parkinson’s rehabilitation.

## Key findings

- Only four systematic reviews on Pilates for Parkinson’s were published between 2019 and 2024.
- Existing studies suffer from small sample sizes, poor methodology, and inconsistent outcome measures.
- Authors call for better-designed research to evaluate Pilates’ effectiveness in Parkinson’s rehabilitation.

## Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most well-known neurodegenerative diseases. Axial symptoms of PD include tremors in the arms and legs, stiffness of the muscles in the limbs and trunk, slow movement, impaired coordination, and balance disorders. Progressive disability increases the risk of falls and leads to immobilization of the patient. Comprehensive rehabilitation plays a very important role in the treatment process and serves mainly to improve motor functions and balance. In recent years, traditional methods of rehabilitation have been enriched by sometimes unconventional modern methods, which are attractive to patients. Unfortunately, current scientific evidence for the effectiveness of these methods is insufficient. Unconventional methods being used increasingly often in the rehabilitation of patients with PD include mind–body interventions. One of these interventions is Pilates exercise, which works on a physical and mental level. In this narrative review, we present the state of the art on the effects of Pilates exercise on balance and motor functions in PD. Previous studies, the results of which are available in scientific reports, have not provided convincing evidence for the effectiveness of these methods. Between 2019 and 2024, four systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of Pilates in the rehabilitation of patients with PD were published. Most of the reports show many shortcomings: too small groups of patients; frequent methodological errors, such as a lack of randomization and insufficient inclusion and exclusion criteria; imprecise descriptions of the interventions; different intensities and frequencies of exercises; too different outcome measures; and poorly chosen methods of statistical evaluation. Therefore, many authors emphasize the need for further, better-planned research.