# Effect of Silver/Reduced Graphene Oxide@Titanium Dioxide (Ag/rGO@TiO2) Nanocomposites on the Mechanical Characteristics and Biocompatibility of Poly(Styrene-co-Methyl Methacrylate)-Based Bone Cement

## TL;DR

This study shows that adding a special nanocomposite improves the strength and safety of bone cement used in medical applications.

## Contribution

A new Ag/rGO@TiO2 nanocomposite is introduced to enhance the mechanical and biocompatible properties of PS-PMMA/PMMA-based bone cement.

## Key findings

- The nanocomposite increased the elastic modulus and hardness of the bone cement compared to commercial products.
- The nanocomposite improved the thermal properties of the bone cement.
- The bone cement was non-toxic to MG63 cells in in vitro tests.

## Abstract

This study reports the impact of a silver nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide@titanium dioxide nanocomposite (Ag/rGO@TiO2) on the mechanical and biocompatibility properties of poly(styrene-co-methylmethacrylate)/poly methyl methacrylate (PS-PMMA/PMMA)-based bone cement. The chemical, structural, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of Ag/rGO@TiO2 nanocomposite-reinforced PS-PMMA bone cement ((Ag/rGO@TiO2)/(PS-PMMA)/PMMA) were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nano-indentation, and electron microscopy. FT-IR, XRD, and transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the successful synthesis of the nanocomposite and the nanocomposite-incorporated bone cement. The elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H) of the ((Ag/rGO@TiO2)/(PS-PMMA)/PMMA) bone cement were measured to be 5.09 GPa and 0.202 GPa, respectively, compared to the commercial counterparts, which exhibited E and H values of 1.7 GPa to 3.7 GPa and 0.174 GPa, respectively. Incorporating Ag/rGO@TiO2 nanocomposites significantly enhanced the thermal properties of the bone cement. Additionally, in vitro studies demonstrated that the bone cement was non-toxic to the MG63 cell line.