# Development and Analysis of a Sustainable Interlayer Hybrid Unidirectional Laminate Reinforced with Glass and Flax Fibres

## TL;DR

This study explores a sustainable hybrid laminate using glass and flax fibers to achieve pseudo-ductile behavior in tensile tests.

## Contribution

A new sustainable fiber combination is proposed to achieve pseudo-ductile behavior with reduced environmental impact.

## Key findings

- Repeatable pseudo-ductile stress–strain behavior was achieved with an average strain of 0.52%.
- The load reserve after delamination averaged 145.5 MPa, with fiber optic sensors verifying the damage process.
- An analytical model was modified to better predict the behavior by neglecting the Weibull strength distribution.

## Abstract

In this study, a new fibre combination for an interlayer hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer laminate was investigated to achieve pseudo-ductile behaviour in tensile tests. The chosen high-strain fibre for this purpose was S-Glass, and the low-strain fibre was flax. These materials were chosen because of their relatively low environmental impact compared to carbon/carbon and carbon/glass hybrids. An analytical model was used to find an ideal combination of the two materials. With that model, the expected stress–strain relation could also be predicted analytically. The modelling was based on preliminary tensile tests of the two basic components investigated in this research: unidirectional laminates reinforced with either flax fibres or S-Glass fibres. Hybrid specimens were then designed, produced in a heat-assisted pressing process, and subjected to tensile tests. The strain measurement was performed using distributed fibre optic sensing. Ultimately, it was possible to obtain repeatable pseudo-ductile stress–strain behaviour with the chosen hybrid when the specimens were subjected to quasi-static uniaxial tension in the direction of the fibres. The intended damage-mode, consisting of a controlled delamination at the flax-fibre/glass-fibre interface after the flax fibres failed, followed by a load transfer to the glass fibre layers, was successfully achieved. The pseudo-ductile strain averaged 0.52% with a standard deviation of 0.09%, and the average load reserve after delamination was 145.5 MPa with a standard deviation of 48.5 MPa. The integrated fibre optic sensors allowed us to monitor and verify the damage process with increasing strain and load. Finally, the analytical model was compared to the measurements and was partially modified by neglecting the Weibull strength distribution of the high-strain material.