Host RhoA Signaling Controls Filamentous vs. Spherical Morphogenesis and Cell-to-Cell Spread of RSV via Lipid Raft Localization: Host-Directed Antiviral Target

TL;DR

This study shows that a host protein called RhoA helps RSV form long filaments, which spread better between cells, and blocking RhoA with a drug called Rhosin reduces this spread.

Contribution

The novel contribution is identifying RhoA signaling as a host factor controlling RSV filamentous morphogenesis and cell-to-cell spread through lipid raft localization.

Findings

RhoA inhibition with Rhosin reduces filamentous RSV formation and cell-to-cell fusion.

Rhosin disrupts RSV fusion protein localization to lipid rafts.

Blocking RhoA shifts RSV morphology from filamentous to spherical forms.

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major human respiratory pathogen, particularly affecting infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RSV exists in both spherical and filamentous forms, with the filamentous morphology associated with enhanced infectivity and cell-to-cell spread. Here, we demonstrate that RhoA, a small GTPase involved in cytoskeletal regulation, is essential for filamentous RSV morphogenesis through its role in organizing lipid raft microdomains. Rhosin, a selective RhoA inhibitor developed through structure-guided screening, disrupts GEF–RhoA interactions to block RhoA activation. The pharmacological inhibition of RhoA with Rhosin significantly reduced filamentous virion formation, disrupted RSV fusion (F) protein colocalization with lipid rafts, and diminished cell-to-cell fusion, without affecting overall viral replication. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Rhosin-treated infected HEp-2 cells exhibited fewer and shorter filamentous projections compared to the extensive filament formation seen in untreated cells. β-galactosidase-based fusion assays confirmed that reduced filamentation corresponded with decreased cell-to-cell fusion. The biophysical separation of RSV spherical and filamentous particles by sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation, coupled with fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, showed that Rhosin treatment shifted virion morphology toward spherical forms. This suggests that RhoA activity is critical for filamentous virion assembly, which may enhance viral spread. Immunofluorescence microscopy using lipid raft-selective dyes (DiIC16) and fusion protein-specific antibodies revealed the strong co-localization of RSV proteins with lipid rafts. Importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of RhoA with Rhosin disrupted F protein partitioning into raft domains, underscoring the requirement for intact lipid rafts in assembly. These findings highlight a novel role for host RhoA signaling in regulating viral assembly through raft microdomain organization, offering a potential target for host-directed antiviral intervention aimed at altering RSV structural phenotypes and limiting pathogenesis.

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