# Discrete Element Modeling of Concrete Under Dynamic Tensile Loading

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a 3D discrete element model to simulate how concrete behaves under high-speed tensile forces, validated through experiments on spalling.

## Contribution

A novel discrete element model with strain-rate-dependent cohesive laws for simulating concrete under dynamic tensile loading.

## Key findings

- The model accurately reproduces rear-face velocity profiles and failure characteristics in spalling tests.
- The discrete element method is validated for dynamic tensile loading at strain rates of 30–115 s−1.
- The model shows robust performance when combined with prior validations under high confining pressure.

## Abstract

Concrete is a fundamental material in structural engineering, widely used in critical infrastructure such as bridges, nuclear power plants, and dams. These structures may be subjected to extreme dynamic loads resulting from natural disasters, industrial accidents, or missile impacts. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of concrete behavior under high strain rates is essential for safe and resilient design. Experimental investigations, particularly spalling tests, have highlighted the strain-rate sensitivity of concrete in dynamic tensile loading conditions. This study presents a macroscopic 3D discrete element model specifically developed to simulate the dynamic response of concrete subjected to extreme loading. Unlike conventional continuum-based models, the proposed discrete element framework is particularly suited to capturing damage and fracture mechanisms in cohesive materials. A key innovation lies in incorporating a physically grounded strain-rate dependency directly into the local cohesive laws that govern inter-element interactions. The originality of this work is further underlined by the validation of the discrete element model under dynamic tensile loading through the simulation of spalling tests on normalstrength concrete at strain rates representative of severe impact scenarios (30–115 s−1). After calibrating the model under quasi-static loading, the simulations accurately reproduce key experimental outcomes, including rear-face velocity profiles and failure characteristics. Combined with prior validations under high confining pressure, this study reinforces the capability of the discrete element method for modeling concrete subjected to extreme dynamic loading, offering a robust tool for predictive structural assessment and design.