Association of Pre- and Gestational Conditions and Barriers to Breastfeeding with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices

TL;DR

This study explores how pre-pregnancy conditions and barriers affect exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers in Mexico.

Contribution

The study identifies specific risk factors and protective elements influencing exclusive breastfeeding in a Mexican population.

Findings

Only 43.6% of mothers practiced exclusive breastfeeding, with a median duration of 4 months.

Prepregnancy risk conditions and paid employment increased the risk of non-exclusive breastfeeding.

Food insecurity and healthcare counseling showed protective effects on exclusive breastfeeding.

Abstract

Background: Breastfeeding is essential for preventing non-communicable diseases. However, mothers with chronic illnesses tend to breastfeed less, increasing the likelihood of abandoning breastfeeding, especially if they experience gestational complications. Objective: To analyze the association between factors such as prepregnancy maternal characteristics, gestational complications, food security, barriers, and facilitators with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 566 women who had prenatal care and gave birth at the National Institute of Perinatology (Mexico City) between 2021 and 2024. Surveys were administered on breastfeeding practices, food insecurity, barriers, and facilitators of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers. In addition, sociodemographic information, medical history (prepregnancy conditions and complications), gestational weight gain, and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Results: Of the 566 women, only 43.6% practiced exclusive breastfeeding, with a median duration of 4 months. Exclusive breastfeeding was more frequent in young, stay-at-home mothers with lower educational attainment and in those with food insecurity, who also tended to delay the introduction of complementary foods until after six months. Prepregnancy risk conditions (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.06–2.30) and multiparity (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08–2.49) increased the risk of non-exclusive breastfeeding. Conversely, food insecurity (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20–0.78) and counseling from healthcare personnel (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.51) showed a protective effect. The analysis also showed that paid employment (OR 4.68, 95% CI 1.65–13.21), the perception of low milk production (OR 6.45, 95% CI 2.95–14.10), maternal illness/medication (OR 3.91, 95% CI 1.36–11.28), and fatigue (OR 4.67, 95% CI 1.36–11.28) increased the probability of non-exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: In Mexico, the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding faces challenges, especially in mothers who begin pregnancy with significant chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, advanced maternal age, and hypothyroidism, among others. Healthcare personnel should provide personalized advice to each woman from the prenatal stage on strategies to achieve and maintain exclusive breastfeeding.

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