Dietary, Body Composition, and Blood Leptin Variations in Fit-Model Female Athletes During the Pre-Competition Period

TL;DR

Fit-Model female athletes lose weight and fat before competitions, but these changes don't affect their performance, while also experiencing low leptin levels and menstrual issues.

Contribution

This study provides new insights into the physiological and dietary changes in Fit-Model athletes during pre-competition preparation.

Findings

Athletes lost an average of 4.2 kg in body mass during the pre-competition phase.

Plasma leptin levels remained low throughout the preparation and did not correlate with body composition or energy intake.

Menstrual cycle disturbances were common, with only two athletes maintaining regular cycles by the end of the preparation.

Abstract

Background: The Fit-Model in bodybuilding is a relatively new category designed for women seeking a balanced physique, avoiding excessive muscularity and extreme leanness. This study examined the dietary strategies, body composition changes, and plasma leptin fluctuations of Fit-Model athletes during a seven-week pre-competition phase. Methods: Twelve females (age: 27.6 ± 4.4 years, body mass: 60.0 ± 6.2 kg) preparing for a national championship were monitored for energy and macronutrient intakes, total, lean, and fat mass, plasma leptin levels, and menstrual cycle characteristics. The five highest-ranked athletes were selected to compete at the world championship, allowing for comparisons between national and international athletes. Results: Low carbohydrate intake was reported, and total energy intake decreased from 1700 to 1520 kcal/day approaching the contest day. Athletes experienced an average body mass loss of 4.2 kg, with no clear relationship between final weight or fat mass and competitive success. Plasma leptin levels were markedly low during all 7 weeks of preparation with a further decline before the contest, but did not correlate with either changes in body composition and weight or energy or macronutrient intakes. Menstrual cycle disturbances were prevalent, with only two athletes maintaining regular cycles by the end of the preparation. Conclusions: Fit-Model athletes undergo a considerable decline in body weight and fat mass during the final weeks before the contest, yet these changes do not appear to be decisive for performance outcomes. Persistently low leptin levels and menstrual irregularities call for strategies that balance physique optimization with endocrine health to support both the performance and well-being of athletes.

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