# Insulin-like growth factor 2 reduces Huntington’s disease aggregates via AKT and NF-κB signaling in huntington’s disease

## TL;DR

This study shows that IGF2 reduces harmful protein clumps in Huntington’s disease by activating AKT and NF-κB pathways, offering a potential new treatment approach.

## Contribution

The study reveals a novel mechanism by which IGF2 reduces mutant Huntingtin aggregates via AKT and NF-κB signaling in Huntington’s disease.

## Key findings

- IGF2 expression is significantly lower in symptomatic HD patients compared to presymptomatic individuals.
- IGF2 reduces mutant Huntingtin aggregates in vitro by enhancing AKT phosphorylation and promoting NF-κB signaling.
- IGF2 administration in HD mice improves motor functions and decreases mutant Huntingtin levels.

## Abstract

Aggregation of misfolded mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) is a pathological characteristic in Huntington’s disease (HD), implying clearance of mHTT is a therapeutical direction for this neurodegenerative disorder. Based on previous studies, Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) enhances microfilament polymerization in HD models; however, the role of IGF2 against mHTT aggregates is still unclear.

Here, we demonstrate that IGF2 expression is significantly lower in symptomatic HD patients compared to presymptomatic individuals, and IGF2 activation mechanistically enhances phosphorylation of Protein Kinase B(AKT; serine/threonine kinase), which subsequently reduces mHTT aggregates in vitro. Furthermore, IGF2 stimulates Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling, promoting the secretion of mHTT within extracellular vesicles, thereby aiding cellular clearance. In vivo studies in R6/2 HD transgenic mice reveal that IGF2 administration improves motor functions and decreases mHTT levels.

Collectively, our findings elucidate the multifaceted role of IGF2 in HD, highlighting its therapeutic potential through modulation of AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-025-01452-4.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-025-01452-4.