# Binocular vs. monocular 3D cues in multiple object tracking: expertise differences between soccer players and non-athletes

## TL;DR

Soccer players outperform non-athletes in tracking moving objects using binocular 3D cues, but not in 2D or monocular 3D tasks.

## Contribution

The study introduces a new 3D multiple object tracking task to distinguish the roles of binocular and monocular cues in tracking performance.

## Key findings

- Soccer players showed significantly better tracking performance in stereo-3D tasks compared to non-athletes.
- Monocular 3D cues did not lead to performance differences between soccer players and non-athletes.
- Binocular 3D cues appear to be the key factor in the superior performance of soccer players.

## Abstract

Classical two-dimensional multiple object tracking (2D-MOT) measures the cognitive ability to track multiple moving elements in real-life-like scenarios. Stereo-three-dimensional MOT (S-3D-MOT), a more ecologically valid form of 2D-MOT, shows better tracking performance in soccer players. Its unique feature is the additional binocular and monocular 3D cues compared to 2D-MOT, but their individual contributions to MOT performance are unclear. To fill this research gap, the current study introduced a three-dimensional MOT task on a flat screen (F-3D-MOT) to distinguish the roles of binocular and monocular 3D cues. F-3D-MOT provides additional monocular 3D cues compared to classical 2D-MOT but lacks binocular 3D cues compared to S-3D-MOT. Moreover, whether the effects of these 3D cues on MOT performance vary between soccer players and non-athletes remains unclear. Therefore, both groups were recruited for this study. The results showed that soccer players performed significantly better than non-athletes specifically in S-3D-MOT, indicating their enhanced sensitivity to binocular 3D cues. In contrast, neither monocular cues (F-3D-MOT) nor 2D displays led to significant differences between the two groups.