# The Relevance of G-Quadruplexes in Gene Promoters and the First Introns Associated with Transcriptional Regulation in Breast Cancer

## TL;DR

This study explores how G-quadruplexes in gene promoters and first introns influence gene expression and contribute to breast cancer.

## Contribution

The study identifies breast cancer-associated G-quadruplexes and their regulatory roles in gene promoters and first introns.

## Key findings

- BC-G4s are more common in gene promoters and first introns, correlating with higher transcriptional activity.
- G4–TF interactions in first introns negatively correlate with those in promoters, suggesting complementary regulatory roles.
- Promoter BC-G4s are central hubs for TF co-occurrence and linked to cell cycle pathways in breast cancer.

## Abstract

The role of G-quadruplexes (G4s) in gene regulation has been widely documented, especially in gene promoters. However, the transcriptional mechanisms involving G4s in other regulatory regions remain largely unexplored. In this study, we integrated the G4-DNA data derived from 22 breast cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models and MCF7 cell line as potential breast cancer-associated G4s (BC-G4s). Genome-wide analysis showed that BC-G4s are more prevalent in gene promoters and the first introns. The genes accommodating promoter or intronic BC-G4s show significantly higher transcriptional output than their non-G4 counterparts. The biased distribution of BC-G4s in close proximity to the transcription start site (TSS) is associated with an enrichment of transcription factor (TF) interactions. A significant negative correlation was detected between the G4–TF interactions within the first introns and their cognate promoters. These different interactions are complementary rather than redundant. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) harboring promoter and first intron BC-G4s are significantly enriched in the cell cycle pathway. Notably, promoter BC-G4s of DEGs could be a central hub for TF–TF co-occurrence. Our analysis also revealed that G4-related single nucleotide variants (SNVs) affect the stability of G4 structures and the transcription of disease-related genes. Collectively, our results shed light on how BC-G4s within promoters and first introns regulate gene expression and reinforce the critical role of G4s and G4-related genes in breast cancer-associated processes.