# One-Pot Anodic Electrodeposition of Dual-Cation-Crosslinked Sodium Alginate/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Interpenetrating Hydrogel with Vessel-Mimetic Heterostructures

## TL;DR

This study creates a new type of hydrogel with layered structures that mimic blood vessels, using a one-step electrochemical process.

## Contribution

A novel one-pot anodic electrodeposition method is introduced to fabricate dual-cation-crosslinked, vessel-mimetic hydrogels with tailored mechanical and antibacterial properties.

## Key findings

- The hydrogels show rapid growth rates and excellent mechanical strength.
- They exhibit strong antibacterial performance and can be customized for biomedical applications.
- The method allows scalable production of multilayered tubular hydrogels for artificial vessels and organ interfaces.

## Abstract

This study develops a one-pot anodic templating electrodeposition strategy using dual-cation-crosslinking and interpenetrating networks, coupled with pulsed electrical signals, to fabricate a vessel-mimetic multilayered tubular hydrogel. Typically, the anodic electrodeposition is performed in a mixture of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), with the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid calcium disodium salt hydrate (EDTA·Na2Ca) incorporated to provide a secondary ionic crosslinker (i.e., Ca2+) and modulate the cascade reaction diffusion process. The copper wire electrodes serve as templates for electrochemical oxidation and enable a copper ion (i.e., Cu2+)-induced tubular hydrogel coating formation, while pulsed electric fields regulate layer-by-layer deposition. The dual-cation-crosslinked interpenetrating hydrogels (CMC/SA-Cu/Ca) exhibit rapid growth rates and tailored mechanical strength, along with excellent antibacterial performance. By integrating the unique pulsed electro-fabrication with biomimetic self-assembly, this study addresses challenges in vessel-mimicking structural complexity and mechanical compatibility. The approach enables scalable production of customizable multilayered hydrogels for artificial vessel grafts, smart wound dressings, and bioengineered organ interfaces, demonstrating broad biomedical potential.