# Bell’s Inequalities and Entanglement in Corpora of Italian Language

## TL;DR

This paper explores how concepts in the Italian language combine in ways that violate Bell’s inequalities, suggesting quantum-like entanglement in language.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates language-independent quantum-like entanglement in conceptual combinations using Italian language corpora.

## Key findings

- Significant violation of Bell’s inequalities was found in all three tests on Italian language corpora.
- Empirical patterns align with previous results in English, indicating language-independent concept formation.
- A quantum model in Hilbert space was developed to explain the data, supporting contextual updating as a universal phenomenon.

## Abstract

We analyse the results of three information retrieval tests on conceptual combinations that we have recently performed using corpora of Italian language. Each test has the form of a ‘Bell-type test’ and was aimed at identifying ‘quantum entanglement’ in the combination, or composition, of two concepts. In the first two tests, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal Acts, while in the third test, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal eats the Food. We found a significant violation of Bell’s inequalities in all tests. Empirical patterns confirm the results obtained with corpora of English language, which indicates the existence of deep structures in concept formation that are language independent. The systematic violation of Bell’s inequalities suggests the presence of entanglement, and indeed, we elaborate here a ‘quantum model in Hilbert space’ for the collected data. This investigation supports our theoretical hypothesis about entanglement as a phenomenon of ‘contextual updating’, independent of the nature, micro-physical or conceptual-linguistic, of the entities involved. Finally, these findings allow us to further clarify the mutual relationships between entanglement, Cirel’son’s bound, and no-signalling in Bell-type situations.