# Fabrication and Performance Study of 3D-Printed Ceramic-in-Gel Polymer Electrolytes

## TL;DR

This paper explores using 3D printing to create ceramic-in-gel polymer electrolytes for safer, higher-performance lithium-ion batteries.

## Contribution

The novel use of 3D printing to fabricate ceramic-in-gel polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability.

## Key findings

- 3D-printed electrolytes achieved high ionic conductivity of 5.77 × 10−4 S·cm−1.
- The electrolyte retained 92.8% of its capacity after 100 cycles in a LiFePO4|GPEs|Li cell.
- LLZTO fillers were uniformly dispersed, enhancing electrochemical stability.

## Abstract

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have emerged as a promising solution for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their excellent safety and high energy density. However, their practical application is still hindered by critical challenges such as their low ionic conductivity and high interfacial resistance at room temperature. The innovative application of 3D printing in the field of electrochemistry, particularly in solid-state electrolytes, endows energy storage devices with attractive characteristics. In this study, ceramic-in-gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on PVDF-HFP/PAN@LLZTO were fabricated using a direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing technique. Under the optimal printing conditions (printing speed of 40 mm/s and fill density of 70%), the printed electrolyte exhibited a uniform and dense sponge-like porous structure, achieving a high ionic conductivity of 5.77 × 10−4 S·cm−1, which effectively facilitated lithium-ion transport. A structural analysis indicated that the LLZTO fillers were uniformly dispersed within the polymer matrix, significantly enhancing the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte. When applied in a LiFePO4|GPEs|Li cell configuration, the electrolyte delivered excellent electrochemical performance, with high initial discharge capacities of 168 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C and 166 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 C, and retained 92.8% of its capacity after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. This work demonstrates the great potential of 3D printing technology in fabricating high-performance GPEs. It provides a novel strategy for the structural design and industrial scalability of lithium-ion batteries.