The Capacities of the Probiotic Strains L. helveticus MIMLh5 and L. acidophilus NCFM to Induce Th1-Stimulating Cytokines in Dendritic Cells Are Inversely Correlated with the Thickness of Their S-Layers

TL;DR

This study compares two probiotic bacteria and finds that their ability to stimulate immune responses is linked to the thickness of their protective surface layers.

Contribution

The study reveals that the S-layer thickness of probiotic strains inversely correlates with their ability to induce Th1-stimulating cytokines in dendritic cells.

Findings

L. acidophilus NCFM induces stronger IL-12 responses compared to L. helveticus MIMLh5.

MIMLh5 has a thicker and stiffer S-layer, which correlates with reduced IL-12 induction.

S-layer depletion equalizes the mechanical properties and cytokine responses of the two strains.

Abstract

The two probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus helveticus MIMLh5 and L. acidophilus NCFM exhibit homology, are both equipped with an S-layer made up of highly homologous proteins and are capable of stimulating Th1-inducing signals in dendritic cells. In this study, we aimed to compare the two strains as regards the thickness of the S-layer and their capacity to induce the production of the two Th1-inducing cytokines IL-12 and IFN-β. For both bacteria, stimulation with an increasing number of bacteria led to the higher and prompter production of IL-12 and IFN-β, but at all MOIs tested, the IL-12 response induced by NCFM was always the strongest. For both bacteria, the induction of IL-12 peaked at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2–5, while IL-10, known to inhibit the induction of IL-12 cytokines, was induced more slowly and continued to increase at a higher MOI. By employing specific inhibitors, MIMLh5 and NCFM were also shown to activate different MAP kinase pathways. Endocytosed MIMLh5 showed higher survival in the DCs compared to NCFM. In the presence of mannan, previously shown to accelerate endosomal killing of Gram-positive bacteria, the survival of MIMLh5 was strongly decreased, and IL-12 increased to a level close to that induced by NCFM without the addition of mannan, indicating the importance of rapid endosomal degradation for a strong IL-12 response. When measuring the S-layer thickness, MIMLh5’s S-layer appeared to be more than twice the thickness of NCFM and exhibited an elastic modulus approximately twice as high, which is a measure of a cell’s resistance to an applied mechanic stress. When the two strains were depleted of S-layer protein, the elastic modulus was comparable. Together, our data suggests that the thicker S-layer of MIMLh5 compared to NCFM may contribute to its endosomal survival, thus reducing its capacity to induce IL-12. This may constitute an important parameter in the selection of probiotic bacteria for specific purposes.

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