# Circulating Biomarker Panorama in HIV-Associated Lymphoma: A Bridge from Early Risk Warning to Prognostic Stratification

## TL;DR

This review explores how circulating biomarkers can help predict and manage HIV-associated lymphoma, offering new tools for early detection and personalized treatment.

## Contribution

The paper systematically summarizes recent advances in multidimensional circulating biomarkers for HIV-associated lymphoma.

## Key findings

- Circulating biomarkers like cytokines and miRNAs show potential for early risk prediction in HIV-associated lymphoma.
- Multidimensional biomarker systems can improve prognostic stratification and therapeutic monitoring in HAL patients.
- Extracellular vesicles and viral biomarkers offer novel insights into the pathogenesis and management of HAL.

## Abstract

HIV-associated lymphoma (HAL) is a heterogeneous and highly aggressive group of malignancies. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly prolonged the survival of people living with HIV (PLWH), the risk of malignancy secondary to HIV infection remains higher than in HIV-negative individuals, with HAL being among the most frequent. The pathogenesis of HAL is complex, involving multifactorial interactions. In current clinical practice, HAL faces a double challenge: the lack of effective biological risk warning systems and the lack of precise prognostic stratification tools. In recent years, the construction of multidimensional biomarker systems has shown critical value in the comprehensive management of HAL. This review aims to systematically summarize recent advances in circulating biomarkers for HAL, focusing on the potential applications of immune environment indicators, such as inflammatory cytokine profiles and microbial translocation markers, as well as serum protein profiles, lymphocyte subsets, extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), and viral biomarkers. These biomarkers offer promising avenues for early risk prediction, therapeutic monitoring, and prognostic evaluation. Developing an assessment system based on multidimensional biomarkers will optimize early risk stratification, enable precise prognostic classification, and support personalized therapeutic strategies, thereby providing a novel theoretical basis and practical direction for the clinical management of HAL.