# The Enhancement of Immunity Gained from Feline Trivalent Vaccines in Mice Using Feline IL-15, IL-23 and Metabolic Regulatory Molecules

## TL;DR

This study shows that adding feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic molecules to feline vaccines improves immune responses in mice, making the vaccines more effective.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel combination of feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators as effective adjuvants for trivalent feline vaccines.

## Key findings

- Group A showed significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against calicivirus after booster immunization.
- Groups A and B had enhanced antibody responses against herpesvirus and panleukopenia viruses.
- Group A had increased memory T cells, follicular B cells, and activated B cells.

## Abstract

This study explores the immune-boosting effects of novel adjuvants—feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators—on trivalent feline vaccines targeting calicivirus, herpesvirus, and panleukopenia viruses. Forty mice were divided into groups receiving composite adjuvants, metabolic molecules with manganese (Mn), Mn alone, or a commercial vaccine. The results indicate that the composite adjuvant group significantly elevated neutralizing antibody levels, especially post-booster, and enhanced memory T cells and activated B cells. The adjuvants were safe, with no adverse effects found on weight or hematology. These findings imply that IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic regulators can effectively enhance vaccine immunity, offering a promising approach to improving feline vaccine efficacy.

The feline calicivirus, herpesvirus, and panleukopenia viruses are major infections that cause serious diseases in cats; however, current trivalent vaccines have limitations in immune efficacy and their duration of protection. This study assesses the immune-enhancing effects of novel adjuvants (feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators) on vaccine responses. Forty mice were randomly assigned to four groups: Group A (composite adjuvants), Group B (metabolic regulatory molecules and Mn adjuvant), Group C1 (Mn adjuvant), and Group C2 (a blank commercial vaccine). The results showed that Group A had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against calicivirus post-booster immunization, while both Groups A and B exhibited enhanced antibody responses against the herpesvirus and panleukopenia viruses. Notably, Group A displayed increased proportions of memory T cells, follicular B cells, and activated B cells. These findings suggest that the combination of feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators are safe and effective immunoadjuvants for trivalent feline vaccines to promote immune cell differentiation and antibody production, thus representing a promising strategy to optimize vaccine efficacy.