# Clinical and Evolutive Features of Tuberculous Meningitis in an Immunosuppressed Adolescent During the COVID 19 Pandemic

## TL;DR

This paper discusses the challenges of diagnosing tuberculous meningitis in an immunosuppressed adolescent during the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the importance of early detection for better outcomes.

## Contribution

The study highlights the diagnostic difficulties and clinical management of tuberculous meningitis in immunosuppressed children during the pandemic.

## Key findings

- Tuberculous meningitis in immunosuppressed adolescents presents with nonspecific symptoms, delaying diagnosis.
- Empirical antituberculosis therapy was initiated before confirmation, leading to a favorable outcome despite a delayed diagnosis.
- The case underscores the need for heightened clinical suspicion to avoid diagnostic delays in high-risk patients.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Tuberculous meningitis is the most severe form of tuberculosis in children, with a high mortality and morbidity rate if it is not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. The aim of this study is to highlight the challenges associated with establishing a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis in a child with immunosuppression, given the presence of nonspecific clinical manifestations. Methods: We present the case of a 15-year-old adolescent with systemic lupus erythematosus, on immunosuppressive therapy, who is diagnosed with tuberculous meningoencephalitis presenting the clinical, diagnostic and imaging characteristics, as well as the diagnostic traps and limitations associated with this condition. Antituberculosis therapy was started empirically, because there was no improvement in the clinical status with conventional antibiotic therapy; the diagnosis was established 7 days after the start of the antituberculosis treatment, with the help of an acid-fast bacilli culture from the cerebrospinal fluid. Results: The course of the tuberculous meningoencephalitis was slowly favorable, despite the superimposed COVID-19 infection. Delay in administering immunosuppressive therapy led to the onset of renal and joint manifestations. Conclusions: Tuberculous meningitis is a highly lethal, often underdiagnosed disease with nonspecific clinical and imaging manifestations, which can have a favorable outcome if the diagnosis is established early on and treatment is started promptly.