# The Regulation of Energy Intake in Infancy: A Narrative Review

## TL;DR

This review explores how infants regulate their energy intake and how this ability may change with age and external influences.

## Contribution

The paper highlights the need for more experimental research on how infant energy intake is regulated and affected by external factors.

## Key findings

- Infants regulate energy intake within a narrow margin, which may decline with age.
- Feeding practices and caregiver behavior can disrupt infants' natural regulation of energy intake.
- Some infants show signs of reward-driven eating, which may influence energy intake.

## Abstract

To examine evidence for factors that program and impact regulation of energy intake in infancy.

Infants regulate energy intake within a narrow margin, and this capacity may degrade with age as volume-based regulation emerges. However, feeding frequency, milk/formula protein content and/or structure, portion size, and caregiver encouragement can interrupt this regulation. Emerging evidence also suggests that some infants exhibit signs of reward-driven eating, which may also affect energy intake.

Despite emphasis on obesity prevention in infancy, few studies directly examine milk/formula, food, or energy intake and even fewer use experimental methods to assess causation. Existing experimental evidence suggests a limited and diminishing regulation of energy intake through infancy and beyond. More research is needed to understand individual differences between infants in regulation of energy intake and propensity for reward-driven eating.