Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Prostate Cancer

TL;DR

This review explores how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, specifically affects prostate cancer through various biological mechanisms.

Contribution

The paper clarifies DHA's unique role in prostate cancer, distinct from other omega-3 fatty acids, based on in vitro and in vivo evidence.

Findings

DHA downregulates androgen signaling and lipid metabolism in prostate cancer cells.

DHA disrupts membrane composition and induces apoptosis and ROS overproduction in cancer cells.

DHA influences the tumor microenvironment by inhibiting cancer-associated fibroblast differentiation and resolving inflammation.

Abstract

The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 class have been widely investigated due to their antitumor properties, including in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3), whose biological activity is higher than other omega-3s, exhibiting a stronger impact on PCa. The specific mechanisms triggered by DHA are blurred by studies that used a blend of omega-3s, delaying the understanding of its biological role, and hence alternative therapeutic approaches. DHA is differentially processed between normal and malignant epithelial PCa cells, which suggests its function as a tumor suppressor. At cell-specific level, it downregulates key pathways in PCa, such as androgen signaling and lipid metabolism, but also changes membrane composition by disrupting phospholipid balance and increasing unsaturation status, arrests the cell cycle, and induces apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. At the tissue level, DHA seems to influence stromal components, such as the inhibition of cancer-associated fibroblast differentiation and resolution of inflammation, which generates a microenvironment favorable to PCa initiation and progression. Considering that such effects are misunderstood and assigned to omega-3s in general, this review aims to discuss the specific effects of DHA on PCa based on in vitro and in vivo evidence.

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