Deepening Physical Exercise Intervention Protocols for Older People with Sarcopenia Following Establishment of the EWGSOP2 Consensus: A Systematic Review

TL;DR

This review examines exercise protocols for older adults with sarcopenia, finding that multicomponent and individualized programs improve muscle strength and function.

Contribution

The study evaluates post-EWGSOP2 exercise interventions and their adaptation to sarcopenia severity stages for the first time.

Findings

Multicomponent exercise programs significantly improve muscle strength, mass, and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia.

Only two studies classified sarcopenia severity, and reporting quality varied across interventions.

Exercise interventions also showed benefits in sleep quality, respiratory function, and biomarkers.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia is an age-related muscle disease that reduces strength and function in older adults. Exercise is a key intervention, but existing protocols vary widely and often lack adaptation to sarcopenia severity. The present study aims to review the effectiveness of exercise protocols developed after the EWGSOP2 consensus and evaluate their adaptation to sarcopenia severity stages. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies published after the EWGSOP2 consensus involving participants of 65 years and over with primary sarcopenia and managed through exercise-only interventions. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, and quality and transparency of exercise intervention were assessed with the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 558 participants. Most interventions included resistance training, often within multicomponent programs. Statistically significant improvements were reported in muscle strength, mass, and physical performance. Additional benefits included enhancements in sleep quality, respiratory function, and specific biomarkers. However, only two studies classified sarcopenia severity, and reporting quality varied considerably. Conclusions: Exercise interventions, especially multicomponent and individualized protocols, are effective at improving outcomes related to sarcopenia in older adults. However, better alignment with diagnostic classifications and standardized reporting are needed to improve clinical translation and program replication.

Figures