# Understanding Echoics: Identifying Predictive Indicators of Vocal Imitation

## TL;DR

The study identifies key skills that predict vocal imitation in children with autism, which can help guide early behavioral interventions.

## Contribution

The paper identifies three specific predictors of echoic behavior in children with autism using logistic regression analysis.

## Key findings

- Mand repertoire increases the likelihood of echoic behavior by over 3.5 times.
- Vocal play and motor imitation are associated with better echoic skills.
- A logistic regression model correctly classified 95.8% of cases of echoic behavior.

## Abstract

A growing body of literature supports the use of echoic prompts toward conditioning other functional language skills. However, many individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not emit echoic behavior. Identifying the prerequisite skills of an echoic repertoire may be beneficial for intervention planning and clinical decision making. A chart review was conducted for 118 patients with autism who received early intensive behavioral intervention. We examined the Level 1 scores on the Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (Sundberg, 2014) for all patients. Using their scores on the echoic skills subtest as a dependent variable, we ran a binomial logistic regression in which the remaining eight domains, along with age and sex, served as independent variables. Our logistic regression model was statistically significant: X2(10) = 109.61, p < .001. The model explained 86.0% of the variance in echoic verbal behavior and correctly classified 95.8% of cases. Patients who demonstrated a mand repertoire were greater than 3.5 times more likely to also exhibit an echoic repertoire. Additionally, vocal play and motor imitation were associated with an increased ability to echo. Using binomial logistic regression, we identified three predictors influencing the echoic behavior of children with autism. Patients who demonstrated these three skills were statistically significantly more likely to echo the vocal verbal behavior of others. Additional research is now needed to confirm a functional relationship between each of these predictors and echoic control.