# Development of a novel nomogram to predict hemorrhagic transformation following endovascular treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke

## TL;DR

This study created a new tool to predict bleeding after a stroke treatment, using clinical, imaging, and lab data to help doctors make better decisions.

## Contribution

A novel nomogram integrating clinical, imaging, and laboratory variables to predict hemorrhagic transformation after endovascular treatment in stroke patients.

## Key findings

- The nomogram achieved an AUC-ROC of 0.82, showing strong discriminatory ability.
- Six independent predictors of HT were identified, including atrial fibrillation and baseline NIHSS score.
- Calibration curves and decision curve analysis confirmed the model's accuracy and clinical utility.

## Abstract

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a critical complication of endovascular therapy (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), significantly worsening patient outcomes. Although various risk factors have been identified, existing predictive models often fail to account for the multimodal nature of EVT and the complex interplay of clinical, imaging, and laboratory variables.

This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram-based predictive model to estimate the risk of HT in AIS patients undergoing EVT, incorporating clinical, imaging, and laboratory data to provide a comprehensive risk assessment.

A retrospective analysis was performed on 154 AIS patients who underwent EVT at a single center between 2018 and 2023. The least absolute shrinkage and selection and operator (LASSO) and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify the independent predictors of HT. A nomogram was constructed and evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Among the 154 patients, 34.4% experienced HT. The nomogram demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability, with an AUC-ROC of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.752–0.888), and strong calibration, as indicated by calibration curves. DCA confirmed the model’s clinical utility when the threshold probability was <0.8. Six independent prediction factors of HT were identified: atrial fibrillation (OR: 6.152), albumin (OR: 1.145), baseline NIHSS score (OR: 1.081), diastolic blood pressure (OR: 1.057), Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Classification (TOAST_2, cardioembolic stroke subtype, OR: 0.201), and the location of obstructed blood vessel_5 (basilar artery occlusion, OR: 0.081).

The developed nomogram provides an accurate, individualized risk assessment of HT in AIS patients undergoing EVT. This tool enables personalized risk stratification, aiding clinicians in optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. Further multicenter validation is warranted to generalize these findings.