# Metagenomic and Metabolomic Profiling Reveals the Impact of High‐Fat Diet on Malignant Pleural Effusion

## TL;DR

A high-fat diet worsens malignant pleural effusion in mice by changing gut bacteria and metabolic pathways.

## Contribution

This study is the first to link high-fat diet effects on gut microbiota and metabolites to malignant pleural effusion progression.

## Key findings

- HFD-fed mice showed increased pleural effusion compared to normal diet mice.
- Key gut bacteria like Parabacteroides increased and Akkermansiaceae decreased under HFD.
- Metabolic pathways like sphingolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly altered.

## Abstract

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common complication in the advanced stage of cancer. High‐Fat Diet (HFD)‐induced obesity has become a common metabolic background in cancer patients. Recent studies have demonstrated that HFD induces gut dysbiosis, resulting in alterations in metabolites and immune responses. However, its role in MPE remains unclear.

We established an MPE mouse model under both normal chow and HFD conditions. Metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples and untargeted metabolomics of plasma were performed to assess alterations in gut microbiota and systemic metabolites, respectively. Bioinformatic and statistical analyses were conducted to identify significant microbial taxa and metabolic pathways.

HFD‐fed mice exhibited increased pleural effusion. Metagenome data of the intestinal microbiome and metabolome profiles of plasma metabolites revealed key taxa—Akkermansiaceae, Parabacteroides, and Muribaculaceae—as well as significant metabolic pathways involved in sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis.

These findings suggest that HFD may accelerate the MPE progression through modulation of gut microbiota and plasma metabolites, providing new strategies for prevention and treatment.

The high‐fat diet modulates the gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in the mouse MPE model. Compared to mice fed a normal diet, those on a high‐fat diet exhibited increased abundance of Parabacteroides and decreased abundance of Akkermansiaceae. Key altered metabolic pathways in plasma included amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism via cytochrome P450 and choline metabolism.