# Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in South Africa

## TL;DR

This study examines antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus bacteria from dogs in South Africa, finding high resistance rates and identifying factors that contribute to resistance.

## Contribution

The study provides baseline data on antimicrobial resistance patterns in canine Staphylococcus isolates in South Africa, highlighting species-specific and temporal trends.

## Key findings

- 61.2% of isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial, with 39.0% classified as multidrug resistant.
- Staphylococcus pseudintermedius had a significantly higher likelihood of resistance compared to other species.
- Multidrug resistance increased over the study period despite a decrease in antimicrobial resistance.

## Abstract

The rising burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary medicine poses significant threats to animal and public health. In South Africa, inadequate surveillance exacerbates the challenge, particularly regarding Staphylococcus spp. infections in companion animals. This study aimed to investigate the patterns and predictors of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Staphylococcus isolated from dogs between 2012 and 2017.

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 1627 Staphylococcus isolates. Data regarding animal demographics and antimicrobial susceptibility were extracted, cleaned, and analyzed. Intermediate susceptibility results were classified as resistant. AMR was defined as resistance to at least one antimicrobial from one class and MDR as resistance to antimicrobials from three or more classes. Descriptive statistics, Cochran–Armitage trend analysis, and binary logistic regression models were employed to assess trends and predictors of AMR and MDR.

Overall, 61.2% of isolates exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial, and 39.0% were classified as MDR. The highest resistance was observed against penicillins (39.64%), followed by aminoglycosides (22.31%). Significant predictors of AMR included Staphylococcus species, specimen type, and year of isolation, while MDR was significantly associated with specimen type and the age of the dog. Notably, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius showed a markedly higher likelihood of resistance (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.23, p < 0.001) compared to other species. Temporal trends indicated a decrease in AMR but an increase in MDR across the study period.

The high prevalence of AMR and MDR among canine Staphylococcus isolates, particularly in skin infections and among younger dogs, underscores the urgent need to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship, enhance surveillance systems, and target interventions in veterinary practice. These findings serve as critical baseline data for future assessments of AMR trends and can be used to inform strategies to mitigate the dissemination of resistant pathogens between animals and humans.