# Anticoagulantes Orais Diretos versus Aspirina para Prevenção Secundária de Acidente Vascular Cerebral em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral Embólico de Fonte Indeterminada: Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise Atualizada de Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados

**Authors:** Juan Armando Talavera, Larissa Teixeira, Thomas Costa Alexandre, Denilsa Navalha, Tathiane Brum Gibicoski, Nicole Fernandez, Jeffrey Healey, Luciana Armaganijan, Guilherme Dagostin de Carvalho, Juan Armando Talavera, Larissa Teixeira, Thomas Costa Alexandre, Denilsa Navalha, Tathiane Brum Gibicoski, Nicole Fernandez, Jeffrey Healey, Luciana Armaganijan, Guilherme Dagostin de Carvalho

PMC · DOI: 10.36660/abc.20240586 · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · 2025-06-27

## TL;DR

This study compares direct oral anticoagulants and aspirin for preventing stroke recurrence in patients with undetermined stroke sources, finding no significant benefit from anticoagulants.

## Contribution

An updated meta-analysis comparing DOACs and aspirin for ESUS secondary prevention using recent clinical trials.

## Key findings

- DOACs did not significantly reduce stroke recurrence compared to aspirin.
- DOACs were associated with a higher risk of clinically relevant non-major bleeding.
- No significant differences were found in outcomes based on CHA2-DS2-VASc scores.

## Abstract

O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) Embólico de Fonte Indeterminada (ESUS, do inglês embolic stroke of undetermined source) corresponde a cerca de 20% dos AVCs isquêmicos. O tratamento ideal para a prevenção secundária do ESUS ainda não está claro. Realizar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) comparando a segurança e a eficácia dos anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) versus aspirina em pacientes com ESUS. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Cochrane e Web of Science para identificar ECRs elegíveis até março de 2024. O desfecho primário foi a recorrência de AVC, e os desfechos de segurança incluíram sangramento maior e sangramento clinicamente relevante não maior (CRNMB, clinically relevant non-major bleeding). Foram calculadas razões de chance (HRs) e intervalos de confiança (ICs) de 95% para a análise. Foram incluídos quatro RCTs, envolvendo 13.970 pacientes, dos quais metade foi randomizada para o grupo de DOACs. Durante um acompanhamento médio de 16 meses, os DOACs não reduziram significativamente a recorrência de AVC (HR: 0,95; IC 95%: 0,81-1,09; p=0,44), AVC isquêmico (HR: 0,91; IC 95%: 0,79-1,06; p=0,23), mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,11; IC 95%: 0,87-1,42; p=0,40) ou sangramento maior (HR: 1,56; IC 95%: 0,85%-2,86; p=0,15) em comparação à aspirina. No entanto, os DOACs foram associados a um risco significativamente maior de CRNMB (HR: 1,54; IC 95%: 1,23-1,92; p=0,0002). A análise de subgrupos não revelou diferenças significativas na recorrência de AVC entre pacientes com escores CHA2-DS2-VASc baixos ou altos. Os DOACs não demonstraram eficácia superior à aspirina na prevenção da recorrência de AVC em pacientes com ESUS e foram associados a um aumento do risco de CRNMB.

Figura Central: Anticoagulantes Orais Diretos versus Aspirina para Prevenção Secundária de Acidente Vascular Cerebral em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral Embólico de Fonte Indeterminada: Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise Atualizada de Ensaios Clínicos RandomizadosCRNMB: sangramento clinicamente relevante não maior; IC: intervalo de confiança; RR: razão de risco.

Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) accounts for around 20% of ischemic strokes. The ideal treatment for secondary prevention in ESUS remains unclear. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) versus aspirin in patients with ESUS. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was conducted for eligible trials until March 2024. The primary outcome was recurrent stroke, while safety outcomes included major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for analysis. Four RCTs were included, involving 13,970 patients, half of whom were randomized to the DOACs group. Over a mean follow-up of 16 months, DOACs did not significantly reduce recurrent stroke (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.81-1.09; p=0.44), ischemic stroke (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79-1.06; p=0.23), all-cause mortality (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.87-1.42; p=0.40), or major bleeding (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.85%-2.86; p=0.15) compared to aspirin. However, DOACs were associated with a significantly higher risk of CRNMB (HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.23-1.92; p=0.0002). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant differences in stroke recurrence among patients with low or high CHA2-DS2-VASc scores. DOACs did not demonstrate superior efficacy over aspirin in preventing recurrent stroke among ESUS patients and were linked to an increased risk of CRNMB.

Central Illustration: Direct Oral Anticoagulants versus Aspirin for Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsCRNMB: Clinically relevant non-major bleeding; RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** stroke (MONDO:0005098), ischemic stroke (MONDO:1060198)

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** CRNMB (MESH:D004830), Stroke (MESH:D020521), ischemic stroke (MESH:D002544), bleeding (MESH:D006470), Embolic Stroke (MESH:D000083262)
- **Chemicals:** DOACs (-), Aspirin (MESH:D001241)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Full text

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## Figures

10 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12269895/full.md

## References

19 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12269895/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12269895