# Investigation of an algae-derived polymer as a pollinator-friendly pesticide adjuvant

## TL;DR

This study explores using an algae-based polymer as a safer pesticide additive that reduces harm to honeybees compared to a common industry standard.

## Contribution

The study introduces sodium alginate as a pollinator-friendly alternative to polyacrylamide in pesticide formulations.

## Key findings

- Using sodium alginate reduced bee mortality compared to polyacrylamide when combined with insecticides.
- Toxicity tests showed significant differences in bee survival depending on the adjuvant used.
- The study tested multiple concentrations of insecticides and adjuvants to assess their impact on honeybees.

## Abstract

Chemical applications in croplands can be a major source of pesticide exposure to pollinators, including off-target drift. Adjuvants are added to pesticides to improve spray characteristics. The major goal of this study was to identify the possibility of using sodium alginate (SA) as a drift-reducing pesticide adjuvant that is less/nontoxic to honeybees than polyacrylamide (PAM) an industry standard. The toxicity bioassay experiments were carried out with six- to eight-day-old, caged honeybee workers. Each cage contained 20 honeybees. Caged bees were treated with adjuvant, insecticide, adjuvant + insecticide, and a water only as a control, using a modified Potter Spray Tower. The insecticides imidacloprid and bifenthrin were used at three different concentrations (LC25, LC50, and LC75). Two different concentrations of the adjuvants SA and PAM were tested. The 48-hour mortality results were recorded. Our results indicate noticeable reductions in bee killing when SA is used as an insecticide adjuvant instead of PAM.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-10558-1.