# Three-dimensional shape from shading is modulated by top-down attention: Evidence from event-related potentials

## TL;DR

The study shows that perceiving 3D shapes from shading involves both automatic and attention-dependent brain processes.

## Contribution

The paper provides ERP evidence for two distinct processing stages in shape-from-shading, including a top-down attentional component.

## Key findings

- 3D stimuli elicited a larger N1 component than 2D stimuli, indicating early pre-attentive processing.
- Right hemisphere lateralization occurred during attention to stimuli, supporting a right hemisphere advantage in top-down attention.
- A larger N2 component for 3D stimuli during attention suggests a late top-down process for 3D shape perception.

## Abstract

Shading is an important monocular cue for three-dimensional (3D) perception, whereby 3D shape can be inferred from shading patterns across an object, in a process termed shape-from-shading. Shape-from-shading has been characterised as a pre-attentive process that occurs in parallel across the visual field. Recent evidence, however, has challenged this notion, suggesting that it consists of an early pre-attentive process and a later stage of processing that is reliant on top-down attention. Here, we use event-related potentials (ERPs) to test this claim whilst participants were instructed either to ignore or to attend to shaded stimuli that could be perceived as two-dimensional (2D) and 3D. We found that 3D stimuli evoked a larger N1 component than 2D stimuli in both attended and unattended conditions, implying an early, pre-attentive processing stage in shape-from-shading. This activity was lateralised to the right hemisphere when participants attended to the stimuli, in accordance with the right hemisphere advantage in top-down attention. Further, when participants attended to the stimuli, a larger N2 component for 3D compared to 2D shape was found, suggesting a late, top-down process for identifying 3D shape. These findings provide evidence for two distinct stages of processing for shape-from-shading and suggest that attention is necessary for the perception of shape-from-shading.