# A Randomized Clinical Trial of ICT-based Interventions for Sodium and Potassium Regulation in Healthy Adults

## TL;DR

A study tested online tools to help healthy adults reduce sodium and increase potassium intake, finding some success with online education.

## Contribution

This study evaluates ICT-based interventions for regulating sodium and potassium intake in healthy individuals.

## Key findings

- The online education group showed a modest decrease in sodium-to-potassium ratios.
- Estimated potassium excretion increased more in the online education group compared to controls.
- ICT-based interventions had limited impact on sodium excretion.

## Abstract

There is limited knowledge regarding effective strategies, including information and communication technology (ICT)-based interventions, to reduce sodium intake and increase potassium intake in healthy individuals.

We conducted a 3-month randomized controlled trial involving healthy adult employees with spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratios (spot UNa/UK) ≥4.0 or estimated 24-hour salt intake ≥10g. Estimated 24-hour UNa and UK were calculated using the Tanaka formula. Participants were assigned to one of four groups: (i) online education, where participants monitored their spot UNa/UK and received feedback from dieticians (n = 84); (ii) messaging, with similar self-monitoring and dietician messages (n = 84); (iii) self-learning, provided with an educational leaflet (n = 87); and (iv) a control group (n = 87). The primary outcome was the change in spot UNa/UK ratios, and secondary outcomes included changes in estimated 24-hour UNa and UK. The trial protocol specified a hierarchical order for testing the interventions, anticipating the highest efficacy in the online education group.

After the intervention, the online education group showed a decrease in spot UNa/UK ratios (mean −0.9 (95% CI: −1.8 to 0.0), P = 0.052) compared to the control group. The increase in estimated 24-hour UK excretion was larger in online education compared to the control group (mean + 2.5 mmol/day (95% CI: −0.3 to 5.3), P = 0.085). The difference in estimated 24-hour UNa excretion between the online education and control groups was −4.3 mmol/day (95% CI: −15.5 to 6.9, P = 0.45).

Combining self-monitoring of sodium and potassium intake with ICT-based interventions, including online nutritional education, was associated with a modest reduction in the estimated ratios of sodium and potassium intake in healthy individuals.

Japan Registry of Clinical Trials; 1032210217, https://jrct.niph.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCT1032210217

Graphical Abstract