# Utilizing ChatGPT-3.5 to Assist Ophthalmologists in Clinical Decision-making

## TL;DR

This study shows that ChatGPT-3.5 can help ophthalmologists by suggesting possible diagnoses based on patient symptoms, but it is not a substitute for clinical judgment.

## Contribution

The study evaluates ChatGPT-3.5's ability to generate differential diagnoses in ophthalmology using clinical vignettes and compares accuracy with additional patient risk factors.

## Key findings

- ChatGPT-3.5 correctly diagnosed 51 out of 100 cases as the first differential diagnosis.
- Neuro-ophthalmology cases showed significantly improved accuracy with additional patient risk factors.
- 31 out of 100 cases were not included in the differential diagnosis list at all.

## Abstract

ChatGPT-3.5 has the potential to assist ophthalmologists by generating a differential diagnosis based on patient presentation.

One hundred ocular pathologies were tested. Each pathology had two signs and two symptoms prompted into ChatGPT-3.5 through a clinical vignette template to generate a list of four preferentially ordered differential diagnoses, denoted as Method A. Thirty of the original 100 pathologies were further subcategorized into three groups of 10: cornea, retina, and neuro-ophthalmology. To assess whether additional clinical information affected the accuracy of results, these subcategories were again prompted into ChatGPT-3.5 with the same previous two signs and symptoms, along with additional risk factors of age, sex, and past medical history, denoted as Method B. A one-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare the accuracy between Methods A and B across each subcategory (significance indicated by P

<
0.05).

ChatGPT-3.5 correctly diagnosed 51 out of 100 cases (51.00%) as its first differential diagnosis and 18 out of 100 cases (18.00%) as a differential other than its first diagnosis. However, 31 out of 100 cases (31.00%) were not included in the differential diagnosis list. Only the subcategory of neuro-ophthalmology showed a significant increase in accuracy (P = 0.01) when prompted with the additional risk factors (Method B) compared to only two signs and two symptoms (Method A).

These results demonstrate that ChatGPT-3.5 may help assist clinicians in suggesting possible diagnoses based on varying complex clinical information. However, its accuracy is limited, and it cannot be utilized as a replacement for clinical decision-making.