# Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Survey and the Evidence-Based Practice Self-Efficacy Scale in the Greek Language

## TL;DR

This study translated and validated two tools for measuring evidence-based practice among Greek nurses, finding they are reliable and valid for local use.

## Contribution

The study provides validated Greek-language tools for assessing evidence-based practice in nursing.

## Key findings

- The translated tools showed high reliability with Cronbach’s α values between 0.78 and 0.96.
- Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for both the five-factor and single-factor models.
- Nurses showed a favorable perception of evidence-based practice but need training in data collection and appraisal.

## Abstract

Background and aim: Evidence-based practice (EBP) improves the quality of healthcare services and enhances patient safety. However, in Greece, the adoption of EBP remains modest, while validated assessment tools in the Greek language for measuring EBP among nurses are limited. The purpose of the study was to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Survey and Evidence-Based Practice Self-Efficacy Scale (EBP SES) tools into Greek.

Methodology: The study sample comprised 222 registered nurses, including both clinical nurses and school-based nurses, through convenience sampling. Reliability analyses (Cronbach’s α) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to investigate internal consistency and structural validity.

Results: The instruments showed high reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.78-0.96). The mean value of the Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Survey was 3.88 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.66), and the EBP SES was 73.4 (SD = 14.0), which reflects an overall favorable perception of EBP engagement. In CFA, the five-factor model of the Nursing EBP Survey showed fit indices: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.960, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.041, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.899, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.885, and χ²/df = 4.1, while the single-factor model of the SES showed GFI = 0.980, SRMR = 0.056, CFI = 0.930, TLI = 0.913, and χ²/df = 3.4, indicating a good fit to the data.

Conclusions: The Greek versions of the instruments demonstrated robust psychometric properties, confirming their reliability and validity for use in the local nursing context. Based on the observed deficits, particularly in domains related to data collection and evidence appraisal, the findings underscore the necessity of implementing structured training programs, integrating EBP content into undergraduate and postgraduate nursing curricula, and developing continuous professional development (CPD) initiatives focused on enhancing evidence-based decision-making competencies.