# Synthesis of Nylon 6,6 with Pyrene Chain-End for Compatibilization with Graphite and Enhancement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties

## TL;DR

This paper shows how adding pyrene to Nylon 6,6 improves compatibility with graphite, boosting thermal and mechanical properties for high-performance applications.

## Contribution

A new method to compatibilize Nylon 6,6 with graphite using pyrene chain-ends is introduced, enhancing composite performance.

## Key findings

- Compatibilized Nylon 6,6 with 20% graphite shows a 44°C increase in degradation temperature and 34% higher residual mass at 750°C.
- Improved filler distribution leads to more uniform mechanical modulus values across the composite surface.
- XRD and AFM confirm intercalation of polymer chains into graphite layers, enhancing thermal and mechanical stability.

## Abstract

The possibility of reinforcing polymeric matrices with multifunctional fillers for improving structural and functional properties is widely exploited. The compatibility between the filler and the polymeric matrix is crucial, especially for high filler content. In this paper, polymeric matrices of Nylon 6,6 with pyrene chains were successfully synthesized to improve the compatibility with carbonaceous fillers. The compatibility was proven using graphite as a carbonaceous filler. The different properties, including thermal stability, crystallinity, morphology, and local mechanical properties, have been evaluated for various filler contents, and the results have been compared to those of synthetic Nylon 6,6 without pyrene chain terminals. XRD results highlighted that the compatibilization of the composite matrix may lead to an intercalation of the polymeric chains among the graphite layers. This phenomenon leads to the protection of the polymer from thermal degradation, as highlighted by the thermogravimetric analysis (i.e., for a filler content of 20%, the beginning degradation temperature goes from 357 °C for the non-compatibilized matrix to 401 °C for the compatibilized one and the residual at 750 °C goes from 33% to 67%, respectively. A significant improvement in the interphase properties, as proven via Atomic Force Microscopy in Harmonix mode, leads to a considerable increase in local mechanical modulus values. Specifically, the compatibilization of the matrix hosting the graphite leads to a less pronounced difference in modulus values, with more frequent reinforcements that are quantitatively similar along the sample surface. This results from a significantly improved filler distribution with respect to the composite with the non-compatibilized matrix. The present study shows how the thermoplastic/filler compatibilization can sensitively enhance thermal and mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composite, widening its potential use for various high-performance applications, such as in the transport field, e.g., for automotive components (engine parts, gears, bushings, washers), and electrical and electronics applications (heat sinks, casing for electronic devices, and insulating materials).