# Trait-Based Selection of Seeds Ingested and Dispersed by North American Waterfowl

## TL;DR

This study shows that North American waterfowl prefer certain plant traits when selecting seeds to eat, which affects how plants are dispersed over long distances.

## Contribution

The study introduces a new dataset and identifies specific plant traits that influence seed dispersal by waterfowl, revealing patterns relevant to plant biogeography.

## Key findings

- Waterfowl prefer aquatic and semiaquatic plants over terrestrial ones.
- All waterfowl groups ingest more herbaceous graminoids and fewer shrubs or trees.
- Intermediate seed size (1–10 mg) is more commonly ingested than the smallest or largest seeds.

## Abstract

There are few studies on the extent to which waterfowl select plant food compared with what is available in wetland ecosystems. We used a new dataset on the presence of seeds in the alimentary canal or feces to identify flowering plant species whose seeds are ingested by North American ducks or geese. These data are a proxy for dispersal interactions because an important fraction of ingested seeds survives gut passage and is dispersed by endozoochory. We compared the plant traits of species whose seeds were ingested with those of species on the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Wetland Plants List (NWPL). Using a global dataset on plant form and function and chi-squared tests, we compared four categorical traits (moisture requirements, growth form, plant height, and seed mass) between species whose seeds are ingested by North American ducks and geese with the NWPL. Our analyses identified significant differences between the trait distributions of plants whose seeds were ingested by waterfowl guilds and those of the NWPL. Geese and ducks (except whistling ducks) ingested more aquatic and semiaquatic plant species than expected from the NWPL. All guilds except sea ducks ingested more herbaceous graminoids and fewer shrubs or trees than expected. Diving ducks interacted with fewer of the taller plants (>5 m) than expected, but otherwise plant height distributions did not differ from those expected. All waterfowl guilds ingested more species of intermediate seed size (1–10 mg) and fewer species of the smallest (<0.1 mg) or largest (>100 mg) size categories than expected. These results help to explain the role of the long-distance dispersal of seeds by migratory waterfowl in plant biogeography and how plant distributions are likely to respond to global change.