# A Two-Branch ResNet-BiLSTM Deep Learning Framework for Extracting Multimodal Features Applied to PPG-Based Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a deep learning framework that improves cuffless blood pressure estimation using PPG signals, achieving high accuracy and meeting medical standards.

## Contribution

A novel two-branch ResNet-BiLSTM framework for PPG-based cuffless blood pressure estimation with improved accuracy and interpretability.

## Key findings

- The method achieved mean absolute errors of 3.47 mmHg and 2.81 mmHg for systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Performance met AAMI standards and achieved an A rating according to BHS standards.
- The framework combines manually selected features with deep learning to enhance accuracy.

## Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a major health threat closely associated with blood pressure levels. While continuous monitoring is essential, traditional cuff-based devices are inconvenient for long-term use. Current methods often fail to balance deep learning capabilities with interpretability, limiting further accuracy improvements. To address this problem, we propose a novel two-branch deep learning framework combining Residual Networks (ResNet) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for photoplethysmography (PPG)-based cuffless blood pressure estimation. The ResNet branch processes 60 features selected by Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) from manually extracted features, including our newly proposed trend features, while the BiLSTM branch processes complete PPG waveforms. Testing on 220 waveform segments from 218 patients in the MIMIC-IV dataset, our method achieves mean absolute errors of 3.47 mmHg and 2.81 mmHg, with standard deviations of 5.06 mmHg and 4.11 mmHg for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This performance meets the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standards and achieves an A rating according to British Hypertension Society (BHS) standards.