Urolithin A Attenuates Periodontitis in Mice via Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Osteoclastogenesis Inhibition: A Natural Metabolite-Based Therapeutic Strategy

TL;DR

Urolithin A, a gut-derived metabolite, reduces inflammation and bone loss in periodontitis in mice, suggesting a new natural treatment strategy.

Contribution

This study demonstrates Urolithin A's dual anti-inflammatory and osteoprotective effects in a mouse model of periodontitis.

Findings

Urolithin A reduced inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages and periodontitis mice.

Urolithin A inhibited osteoclast differentiation and lowered the RANKL/OPG ratio in periodontitis models.

Histological and imaging analyses showed reduced bone loss and improved collagen fiber distribution with Urolithin A treatment.

Abstract

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the periodontal supporting tissues. Its cardinal clinical manifestations encompass gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone resorption. Urolithin A (UA), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of ellagitannins, is known for its anti-inflammatory and osseous-protective properties. Nonetheless, the impact of UA on periodontitis remains unknown. To investigate the preventive effect of UA, we employed a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, a receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation model, and a ligature-induced periodontitis model in mice. The expression of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; interleukin-6, IL-6) was analyzed to assess anti-inflammatory efficacy. Bone loss in mice with periodontitis was assessed through histological and imaging techniques, including haematoxylin and eosin staining to evaluate alveolar bone morphology, Masson’s trichrome staining to visualize collagen fiber distribution, and micro-computed tomography scanning to quantify bone structural parameters. Additionally, we investigated the underlying mechanisms by examining osteoclast activity through tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and the expression levels of proteins RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). We found that UA reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels in vitro and in vivo, inhibited osteoclast differentiation, and decreased the RANKL/OPG ratio in periodontitis mice.

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