# Dipstick Proteinuria and Hematuria as Triggers for Manual Microscopic Review in Nephrology Patients

## TL;DR

This study finds that dipstick tests for protein and blood can help decide when to do manual urine checks for kidney disease clues.

## Contribution

The study proposes practical criteria using dipstick results to guide manual microscopy in nephrology patients.

## Key findings

- Dipstick protein ≥1+ or blood ≥2+ is associated with nephropathy-related sediment findings.
- Using these criteria gives 71.2% sensitivity and 73.9% specificity for detecting nephropathy elements.
- The criteria perform best in nephrology outpatients with 79.5% sensitivity and 63.9% specificity.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Automation improves efficiency in laboratory workflow but may fail to detect clinically relevant abnormalities in patients with nephropathy. This study aimed to identify dipstick parameters associated with nephropathy-related sediment findings and to propose practical criteria to guide manual microscopy review based on these associations. Methods: Urine samples from in- and outpatients, primarily from the nephrology unit, were collected at a university hospital from July 2022 to September 2023. Samples were analyzed within two hours using LabUMat 2 and UriSed 3 analyzers. Manual microscopy was performed on all specimens by two experienced technicians. Sediments were classified as suggestive or not of nephropathy based on hematuria with dysmorphism, hyaline and pathological casts, lipiduria, or renal tubular epithelial cells. Results: Of 503 samples, 146 (29%) showed sediment findings indicative of nephropathy, which were significantly associated with dipstick positivity for protein and blood. Among nephropathy samples, 71.2% had protein ≥1+ or blood ≥2+. Using this combination as a criterion for manual sediment review yielded a sensitivity of 71.2%, a specificity of 73.9%, and a 3.84-fold increased relative risk of detecting nephropathy-related elements (p < 0.001). The criteria performed best among nephrology outpatients, with sensitivity of 79.5%, specificity of 63.9%, and relative risk of 3.91 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Dipstick protein ≥1+ or blood ≥2+ helps identify patients who may benefit from manual sediment review, supporting diagnostic accuracy in nephropathy. Each institution should define its criteria based on patient profile, analytical methods, and workflow.