# Odontogenic Abscesses in Pet Rabbits: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Advances

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of painful tooth-related abscesses in pet rabbits, emphasizing prevention and new therapies.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of odontogenic abscesses in rabbits, including new imaging techniques and localized antibiotic therapies.

## Key findings

- CT and CBCT imaging improve early detection and surgical planning for rabbit dental abscesses.
- Antibiotic-impregnated beads and Manuka honey are emerging as effective localized treatments.
- Heatmaps reveal polymicrobial infections and rising antibiotic resistance in rabbit abscesses.

## Abstract

Odontogenic abscesses are one of the most common health problems in pet rabbits. These abscesses, often caused by problems with tooth growth or injuries, can become very serious and painful. This review explains what causes these abscesses, how they are diagnosed, and the best ways to prevent and treat them. Rabbits’ teeth grow continuously, and if their diet is not rich in hay or if they suffer injuries, their teeth can overgrow or grow in the wrong direction. This can lead to infections deep in the jawbone. The review highlights the importance of using advanced imaging methods, like CT scans, and also discusses treatment options, including surgery and special local antibiotic treatments, like beads that slowly release medicine where it is most needed. Natural treatments, such as Manuka honey, are also explored for their healing properties. The review includes colorful charts that show which bacteria are most often found in these infections and how resistant they are to antibiotics. It also emphasizes the importance of prevention through a high-fiber diet, environmental enrichment, and regular veterinary dental checkups. This information could help veterinarians provide better care and improve the health and comfort of pet rabbits.

Odontogenic abscesses are a frequent and challenging clinical issue in pet rabbits, often requiring a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach. This review collates current evidence on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of rabbit odontogenic abscesses, with a focus on imaging advances, microbial diversity, and local antimicrobial therapies. Predisposing factors include congenital conformation, inappropriate diet (insufficient abrasiveness, calcium or Vit D deficiencies, etc.), trauma, and neoplasia. Imaging techniques such as CT and cone-beam CT (CBCT) enable early detection and surgical planning, while traditional radiography remains useful in general practice. Treatment includes systemic antibiotics, surgical curettage, and the use of localized delivery systems such as antibiotic-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate (AIPMMA) beads. Adjunctive therapies like Manuka honey are also discussed. Two original heatmaps summarize bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial resistance from six peer-reviewed studies. These visualizations highlight the polymicrobial nature of these infections and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Preventive strategies focus on optimal diet, regular dental checks, and owner education. The review also identifies key gaps in the literature, including the underreporting of anaerobes and lack of standardized treatment protocols. This article aims to support veterinary professionals in delivering evidence-based, individualized care to improve outcomes in rabbits with odontogenic abscesses.