# In Vivo Assessment of Ankle Stability During Dynamic Exercises: Scoping Review

## TL;DR

This scoping review explores in vivo methods for assessing ankle stability during dynamic exercises, identifying commonly used tools and techniques.

## Contribution

The study systematically categorizes in vivo methodologies for dynamic ankle stability assessment, highlighting optimal tool combinations.

## Key findings

- 3D motion capture and force platforms were most frequently used for functional tasks and walking.
- Multisegmented foot models combined with these tools appear optimal for assessing ankle stability.
- Six categories of dynamic exercises were identified, including balance, stair climbing, and running.

## Abstract

Background: The ankle joint plays a key role in stabilizing the lower limb during interaction with ground reaction forces. Instability can result in pain, weakness, and impaired movement. Although assessing ankle stability is important, few studies examine existing in vivo methodologies for dynamic load assessment, limiting effective injury management. Objective: To identify in vivo techniques using objective measurement tools for assessing ankle stability during dynamic exercise. Methods: A scoping review was performed based on PRISMA-ScR criteria. Five databases—PubMed, PEDro, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and CDSR—were searched from inception to September 2024. Results: Out of 1678 records, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 1142 subjects were included: 293 females (25.6%), 819 males (71.7%), and 30 unspecified (2.62%). Six categories of dynamic exercise were identified: analytical, functional, balance, stair climbing, running, and walking. The techniques used included 3D motion capture, force and pressure platforms, dynamometry, electromyography, accelerometers, pressure and speed sensors, instrumented treadmills, and inertial measurement units. Conclusions: The 3D motion capture systems (240 Hz) and the force platforms (1000 Hz) were most frequently used in functional tasks and walking. Combining these with multisegmented foot models appears optimal, though tool selection depends on study goals. This review enhances our understanding of ankle stability assessment.