# Seasonal Variation in Nutritional Value and Technical Quality of Lionfish (Pterois miles) from the Ionian and Aegean Seas

## TL;DR

This study explores how the nutritional value of lionfish changes with seasons in the Mediterranean, showing it could be a sustainable food source.

## Contribution

The first study to assess seasonal variations in the nutritional value and technical yield of lionfish in the Mediterranean.

## Key findings

- Lionfish fillets are high in protein and contain significant levels of beneficial fatty acids like EPA and DHA.
- Seasonal variations affect lipid content and fatty acid composition, with higher lipid levels in winter and autumn EPA peaks.
- Lionfish has favorable nutritional indices, supporting its potential as a sustainable and nutritious food resource.

## Abstract

Lionfish (Pterois miles), an invasive species in the Mediterranean, pose ecological and socioeconomic challenges. This study examines the seasonal variation in the nutritional composition and technical quality of lionfish from the Ionian and Aegean Seas, evaluating their potential as a food resource. Fillets were high in protein (19.4%) and low in fat (2.0%), with significant seasonal differences in the Ionian Sea, where winter samples had higher lipid content. The fillet yield (28.4%) was satisfactory given the fish’s morphology. Fatty acid analysis confirmed lionfish as a valuable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with EPA + DHA levels exceeding the recommended daily intake (119.2%). Seasonal variations in fatty acid composition were observed, including higher EPA in autumn and lower lipid nutritional quality in summer. Arachidonic acid (ARA) was also present at nutritionally significant levels (79.4 mg/100 g). The n3/n6 ratio (2.2) and favourable atherogenic and thrombogenic indices highlight its nutritional benefits. This is the first study to assess seasonal variations in the nutritional value and technical yield of lionfish in the Mediterranean, offering novel insights into its commercial valorisation. These findings support its promotion as a sustainable protein source and as a means of managing its invasive population.