# Pediatric lung transplantation in China, 2019–2023

## TL;DR

This study examines pediatric lung transplants in China from 2019 to 2023, finding that they are rare but have better survival rates than adult transplants.

## Contribution

The study provides the first detailed analysis of pediatric lung transplant trends and outcomes in China.

## Key findings

- Pediatric lung transplants accounted for 1.8% of all lung transplants in China between 2019 and 2023.
- One-year survival rates for pediatric recipients were significantly higher than for adults.
- Infection was the most common complication, and outcomes varied by hospital transplant volume.

## Abstract

Pediatric lung transplant (pLTX) is a rare procedure globally; its characteristics and survival outcomes in China remain unknown.

This retrospective study analyzed data from pLTX recipients aged ≤ 17 years between January 2019 and December 2023 from the China Lung Transplantation Registry. Pre-, intra-, and post-operative characteristics were described and compared between children aged 2–11 years and 12–17 years and between pLTX conducted in centers with high and low transplant volumes. The Kaplan‒Meier method was used to estimate the postoperative survival rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). One-year postoperative survival rates were compared between pediatric and adult lung transplant (LTX) patients via log-rank tests.

Between 2019 and 2023, 63 transplants were performed in 62 pediatric patients, accounting for 1.8% of the total LTX in China. The primary indication for pLTX was bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (46.0%), followed by cystic fibrosis (12.7%) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (11.1%). Infection was the most common complication after pLTX (63.9%), and the incidence of bronchial anastomotic stenosis was slightly higher among recipients aged 2–11 years than among those aged 12–17 years (14.3% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.244). High-volume hospitals had a higher incidence of infections (72.7% vs. 41.2%, P = 0.021) and primary graft failure (20.0% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.260) among pediatric recipients. However, acute rejection was exclusively observed in low-volume hospitals (0.0% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.018). The in-hospital mortality rate was 16.1% (95% CI = 6.7–25.5). The 30-day and one-year survival rates after pLTX were 93.5% (95% CI = 87.6–99.9) and 80.6% (95% CI = 71.4–91.1), respectively, and were significantly higher than those of adult recipients (82.0% and 58.7%, all P < 0.05).

This research identified the trends, indications, donor and recipient characteristics, and complications of pLTX in China. Despite its small size, pLTX is growing gradually and has favorable outcomes. Future research on the long-term follow-up of pLTX recipients is needed to identify factors associated with the prognosis of pLTX patients.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12519-025-00916-4.