# The PD COMM Process Evaluation: Describing Interventions and Implementation in a UK Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial of Speech and Language Therapy for People With Parkinson's‐Related Dysarthria

## TL;DR

This study evaluates how speech therapy interventions for Parkinson's-related communication issues are implemented in the UK NHS, comparing two approaches and their effectiveness.

## Contribution

The paper provides a detailed process evaluation of LSVT and Standard NHS SLT interventions in Parkinson's care, using mixed methods in a large pragmatic trial.

## Key findings

- LSVT was delivered per protocol with structured design and higher intensity compared to Standard NHS SLT.
- Standard NHS SLT was more varied and less intense, incorporating multiple clinical approaches.
- Implementing LSVT required coordination and service support, suggesting implications for future delivery.

## Abstract

As people with Parkinson's experience progressive communication changes, effective, implementable speech and language therapy (SLT) interventions are needed. Process evaluations alongside pragmatic randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are of clinical value if they describe, compare and understand the implementation of trial interventions. This paper reports the PD COMM process evaluation. PD COMM was a large, UK multi‐centre phase III pragmatic RCT of SLT in the National Health Service (NHS). It recruited 388 people with Parkinson's who were randomised to Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT), Standard NHS SLT, or no dysarthria intervention.

To describe and compare the content and service delivery components of the PD COMM SLT interventions; understand experiences of implementing LSVT; explain trial outcomes; and reflect on implications for practice and research.

We took a pragmatic, mixed methods approach. The intervention description team used a sub‐sample of routine therapy notes and trial record forms, the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) and simple descriptive statistics to compare Individual Participant Therapy Data (LSVT n = 51; Standard NHS SLT n = 54). In parallel, informed by Normalisation Process Theory (NPT), the implementation team conducted qualitative interviews with a sub‐sample of therapists (n = 20) and participants (n = 24) to understand the additional work of implementing LSVT. The core process evaluation team met to integrate the findings in relation to the trial outcomes.

LSVT was largely delivered per protocol, tailored to participants’ interests and interactions. Dosage was a key difference between the two interventions, commonly achieved by two or more therapists delivering LSVT. Effective mechanisms were LSVT's structured design, repetitive and social nature, practise requirements and focus on volume. Standard NHS SLT was eclectic, reflecting a range of clinical approaches at a lower intensity, including some techniques and activities in common with LSVT. Although focused on impairment therapy, including specific voice therapy techniques, it also featured cognitive‐linguistic and psychosocial targets and low technology augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The trial design may have limited opportunities for group intervention.

Any LSVT roll‐out needs service support and coordination, and should take an inclusive approach. Future research of Standard NHS SLT should explore a rationale for dosage and more explicit tailoring to individuals and their families. There is also a pressing need to deliver the benefits of LSVT in a cost‐effective manner and to develop a range of evidence‐based, implementable alternatives as people's communication support needs change.

What is already known on the subject
Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) has a body of incrementally‐developed evidence from effectiveness trials but has not previously been tested in a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) with an embedded process evaluation.
What this paper adds to the existing knowledge
This mixed methods process evaluation paper describes and compares content and service delivery components to understand similarities and differences between LSVT and Standard NHS SLT interventions and experiences of implementing LSVT in the UK NHS.
What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?
Services can use the findings to plan delivery of intensive interventions and to reflect on the content and service delivery aspects of locally Standard NHS SLT and how it might be improved.

Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) has a body of incrementally‐developed evidence from effectiveness trials but has not previously been tested in a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) with an embedded process evaluation.

This mixed methods process evaluation paper describes and compares content and service delivery components to understand similarities and differences between LSVT and Standard NHS SLT interventions and experiences of implementing LSVT in the UK NHS.

Services can use the findings to plan delivery of intensive interventions and to reflect on the content and service delivery aspects of locally Standard NHS SLT and how it might be improved.