Limited additional value of dual-layer spectral 4DCT compared with conventional 4DCT for preoperative localization in primary hyperparathyroidism

TL;DR

This study finds that dual-layer spectral 4DCT does not offer significant advantages over conventional 4DCT for locating parathyroid adenomas before surgery.

Contribution

The study is the first to evaluate dual-layer spectral 4DCT for preoperative localization in primary hyperparathyroidism in a larger patient cohort.

Findings

Conventional CT reconstructions outperformed spectral reconstructions in differentiating thyroid from parathyroid tissue.

No significant difference was found between conventional and spectral CT in distinguishing lymph nodes from parathyroid tissue.

Virtual non-contrast reconstructions showed lower accuracy compared to true non-contrast scans.

Abstract

Primary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by excessive parathyroid hormone secretion, is typically caused by solitary parathyroid adenomas or multiglandular disease. Accurate preoperative localization is critical for successful surgical parathyroidectomy. While four-dimensional CT (4DCT) is commonly used for this purpose, spectral-CT techniques have recently been introduced, offering improved tissue differentiation. Rapid kV switching and dual-source spectral-CT have been studied, however, this is the first study that evaluates the effectiveness of dual-layer-CT in preoperatively locating parathyroid adenomas in a larger population.

From April 2020 to October 2023, patients with confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism underwent dual-layer spectral 4DCT before surgery. Spectral reconstructions (MonoE40keV, Iodine-Density, Z-effective, Iodine-no-Water, Virtual Non-Contrast) were analyzed alongside conventional CT reconstructions. Mean attenuation values were compared using one-way ANOVA. ROC curves with paired-sample analysis assessed the ability of different reconstructions to distinguish between thyroid and parathyroid tissue, and lymph nodes and parathyroid tissue.

Thirty-six patients with thirty-nine parathyroid adenomas were analyzed. Conventional CT reconstructions demonstrated significantly higher AUC values for differentiating thyroid from parathyroid tissue across all phases compared to spectral reconstructions (0.83–0.95 vs. 0.65–0.89, p-value 0.007-<0.001). No significant difference was found between conventional and spectral reconstructions in distinguishing lymph nodes from parathyroid tissue (0.64–0.96 vs. 0.58–0.96, p-value 0.070–0.957). Virtual non-contrast (VNC) reconstructions showed smaller attenuation differences and lower AUC values in arterial and delayed phases compared to true non-contrast (p = 0.031 and 0.034).

Dual-layer spectral-CT is comparable or inferior to conventional CT in tissue differentiation. VNC reconstructions are not recommended as a substitute for true non-contrast due to inconsistent results. In this cohort, dual-layer spectral 4DCT did not demonstrate clear clinical advantage; further validation is warranted.

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