# Comparative genomic and functional analyses of Microbacterium paraoxydans BHS25 reveal key metabolic adaptations for survival in arsenic-contaminated soil ecosystems

## TL;DR

This study reports the first complete genome of Microbacterium paraoxydans from Bangladesh, revealing its ability to survive in arsenic-contaminated soil and produce antimicrobials.

## Contribution

The first complete genome of M. paraoxydans from Bangladesh, with insights into its arsenic resistance and antimicrobial production capabilities.

## Key findings

- BHS25 has a 3.49 Mb genome with genes for arsenic and heavy metal resistance, including arsC, arsB, and acr3.
- The strain possesses unique anabolic pathways for streptomycin, novobiocin, and other antimicrobial biosynthesis.
- BHS25 shows potential for bioremediation and plant growth promotion due to auxin biosynthesis and xenobiotic degradation.

## Abstract

Microbacterium paraoxydans is known for its potential in bioremediation and biotechnological applications, including promoting plant growth. However, research on this bacterium in Bangladesh has been limited and until now no reported complete genome of M. paraoxydans is available from this country. In this study, we have reported the complete genome of M. paraoxydans BHS25, the first case in Bangladesh, isolated from arsenic-contaminated soil in Bogura.

Complete genome analysis revealed that BHS25 was closely related to Microbacterium paraoxydans LTR1 from Russia, which itself showed similarity to a strain found at the International Space Station, reported to be resistant to extreme conditions. BHS25 possessed a genome of 3.49 Mb with a GC content of 70.12%, comprising 3,415 protein-coding genes, 47 tRNA genes, and 5 rRNA genes. It carried various heavy metal resistance genes and gene islands, such as arsC, arsB, and acr3 for arsenic detoxification/transformation, as well as czcD and copB for resistance to cadmium, zinc, cobalt, and copper. The arrangement of the arsenic resistance genes showed similarity to that in other reported Microbacterium strains, although pangenome and ANI analyses indicated considerable genetic diversity within the species. Additionally, the presence of vanY within the vanB cluster suggested potential vancomycin resistance. Metabolic pathway analyses revealed that BHS25 was well adapted, with different carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and xenobiotic degradation capabilities. The unique notable anabolic pathways were streptomycin biosynthesis with 14 associated genes, novobiocin biosynthesis and tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis (8 genes each), as well as monobactam biosynthesis, prodigiosin biosynthesis, and penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis, suggesting a potential for production of antimicrobials. Furthermore, it showed an auxin biosynthesis pathway for plant growth, further demonstrating its biotechnological potential.

This research identified Microbacterium paraoxydans BHS25 as a promising candidate for bioremediation and sustainable environmental management, offering insights into microbial adaptation to challenging environments and potential solutions for pollution encounters.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-025-11811-7.