Preliminary notes on Justicia (Acanthaceae) in Peru
Abstract
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Taxonomy
TopicsPlant Diversity and Evolution · Plant and Fungal Species Descriptions · Plant Parasitism and Resistance
Introduction
Justicia L. is generally accepted as the largest genus of Acanthaceae with around 1000 species (Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2022) but its circumscription has been in doubt since almost the beginning. Nees (1847b) notably divided it into numerous smaller genera but since then there has been a tendency to recognise a broader Justicia culminating in the paper by Graham (1988), which treated the genus in a very broad sense. Graham’s treatment has been followed by most authors since (Scotland and Vollesen 2000; Ezcurra 2002; Wasshausen and Wood 2004; Darbyshire et al. 2010; Wasshausen 2013; Deng 2020) but molecular studies (Kiel et al. 2017, 2018; Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2022) show Justicia is paraphyletic although the New World species form a monophyletic clade, if a few smaller genera (Cephalacanthus Lindau, Clistax Mart., Harpochilus Nees, Megaskepasma Lindau, and Poikilacanthus Lindau) are included (Kiel et al. 2018). Clearly a new classification will be necessary as the Justicia name is associated with an Old-World species.
Justicia sensu Graham (1988) shows major variation in many aspects of its morphology, including habit and the structure and size of the calyx and corolla. Variation in pollen and seed morphology is very marked and has been widely used both in species delimitation and in attempts to achieve a satisfactory infrageneric classification or to split the genus into separate genera. Graham divided the genus into 16 sections and various subsections based on a range of characters but her infrageneric classification never accounted for all species and her sections were shown by Kiel et al. (2017, 2018) not to be monophyletic. Kiel et al. (2018) in turn used modern molecular methods to identify nine major clades but only a relatively small proportion of species were sequenced and the clades are not always easily recognised from morphology. We have referenced these clades and Graham’s sections where it seemed useful but not in any systematic way. There is still no accepted circumscription of Justicia, of its infrageneric elements nor an accepted classification of the Justiciinae Nees as a whole. In the absence of a satisfactory new classification of Justicia, we treat the genus in the sense of Graham (1988). As such it is clearly the largest genus of Acanthaceae in Peru as in all the neighbouring countries except Chile, with 72 species recognised in Bolivia (Jørgensen et al. 2015), 157 in Brazil (Chagas and Costa-Lima 2024), 104 in Colombia (Wood et al. 2024) and 45 in Ecuador (Wasshausen 2013).
Despite the problems in circumscribing Justicia s.l., it is usually readily recognised by the strongly 2-lipped corolla, the paired superposed bithecous anthers, the lower thecae usually with a basal appendage and by the 4-(rarely 2-) seeded capsule. The pollen is often distinctive although intraspecific pollen variation is very poorly understood. In the descriptions of new species in this paper we have endeavoured to describe these characters in every case but it has not always been possible. The capsules and seeds of a surprisingly large number of species are unknown. In a few cases open corollas are missing from the available collections. It has not always been possible to extract pollen successfully, either because of difficulties with the extraction process or because we wanted to avoid destructive sampling of limited material.
As our studies of Peruvian Acanthaceae are on-going, we are uncertain of the number of Peruvian species but it much exceeds the 49 reported in the Catalogue (Brako and Zarucchi 1993), even though not all of these can be accepted as occurring in Peru. Justicia is very diverse in Peru, especially on the eastern slopes of the Andes below 2500 m. However, it is absent from the coastal lowlands and poorly represented on the dry western flanks of the Andes. The Amazonian lowlands are still relatively poorly explored botanically, but Justicia diversity appears to fall further east from the Andean foothills. Records of Justicia species date back to the end of the 18^th^ century (Ruiz and Pavón 1798) but there have been no systematic studies of the genus in Peru and new species have been described sporadically over the years by diverse authors as part of wider publications (Nees 1847a, 1847b, Wasshausen and Wood 2003) or in scattered short papers (Lindau 1894, 1897, 1904, 1905, 1922; Mildbraed 1926; Wasshausen 1988, 1997, 2006; Wasshausen and Wood 2003).
We have already made significant advances in our studies of Justicia (for example Gallego-Jiménez and Wood 2024) and the present paper presents further results, but a number of complex issues remain, which will be treated in a later paper when we have had the opportunity to further research these issues. These include the circumscription of a number of morphologically variable species, including J.cuzcoensis Lindau, J.mendax (Lindau) Wassh. and J.ruiziana Lindau, the relationship of Peruvian species, such as J.loretensis Lindau and J.obovata Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood, with apparently related species from neighbouring countries and the evaluation of the status of a good number of putative new species currently represented by inadequate material. It is expected that the final paper will include additional new species, an updated checklist, some conservation assessments and a key to all species of Justicia occurring in Peru.
Materials and methods
This study provides notes on 45 species of Justicia occurring in Peru, probably slightly under half the final total number of species found in the country. The species selected are new taxa, new records for Peru, new names or new synonyms or species requiring typification or needed to compare with other species discussed. Our studies are based principally on herbarium studies by Rosa Villanueva and John Wood, informed by fieldwork by one of us (Rosa Villanueva) and an extensive survey of relevant literature, particularly the accounts of Justicia in neighbouring countries (Leonard 1958; Wasshausen and Wood 2003, 2004; Wasshausen 2013). Herbarium specimens in BM, CPUN, CUZ, HAG, HOXA, HUT, K, Laboratorio de Dendrología (Cajamarca), MOL, OXF, US and USM (acronyms according to Thiers, 2023) were studied together with specimens loaned from BRIT, F, MO and US to John Wood at Kew. Online images from many herbaria were also accessed via Jstor (https://plants.jstor.org/), Tropicos (https://www.tropicos.org/), Reflora (https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/), GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/) and Atrium (https://atrium.andesamazon.org/) and from websites of individual herbaria including B, BRIT, F, G, HBG, K, MEXU, MO, NY, P, US and W. All specimens cited were seen by one or all of us either in a herbarium or as an image unless explicitly indicated otherwise.
Field work was carried out by Rosa Villanueva and colleagues in recent years in diverse regions of Peru. Specimens were collected and deposited mostly in HOXA, MOL and IBSC. Photographs were taken of species seen in the field and observations on colour and habitat were noted at the same time.
Descriptions were prepared based mostly on herbarium specimens but with some reference to fresh material or information in the literature. Full descriptions are provided for new species, but not all information was available in every case, and in particular details of capsules and seeds are not always known, even in cases of some common species, such as Justiciaalpina. Shorter descriptions are provided for established species with an emphasis on diagnostic characters or on information not previously available, pollen in particular. We have lectotypified names where there is possible ambiguity, following the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants (Turland et al. 2018). Explanations are provided in many individual cases. In the case of Ruiz and Pavon names, we have chosen specimens from Madrid, selecting the most complete example where there is more than one syntype.
Line drawings have been prepared for all new taxa based on specimens from Peru. Some of these were prepared some twenty years ago by Alice Tangerini and Cathy Pasquale at the Smithsonian Institution (US) at the request of Dieter Wasshausen. Some of their drawings were used in a paper by Wasshausen (2006) but the majority were never used. We are very pleased to have received permission to use these in the current paper. However, the majority of the line drawings were commissioned specially for this paper with the support of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and drawn by Margaret Tebbs. Specimens were examined under a binocular microscope and when necessary dissected for artwork or detailed morphological study after softening either by boiling or with the use of a softening agent such as Libsorb.
Pollen was extracted from both herbarium and field collections, and acetolysed following Erdtman (1960). Pollen was then mounted on Scanning Electron Microscopy stubs, sputter coated with gold palladium and imaged by a JEOL 7610F scanning electron microscope at Oxford and by Hitachi, Regulus-SU8100 in Guangzhou. Descriptions of pollen followed previous research by Graham (1988) as closely as possible. Pollen in this study was distinguished by the presence or absence of a trema area (thinning of the exine associated with area surrounding the aperture) (Figs 48A, 49C), an uninterrupted band of sexine on either side of the aperture (Figs 48F, 51D), presence of discrete islands of sexine (insulae) (Figs 49C, 51B, 52A, 52B), the number of rows of insulae on either side of the aperture (Figs 50B, 52E), invaginations of sexine from the area outside the trema area into the trema area (peninsulae) (Figs 48A, 51F), presence of verrucae (Fig. 50C), aperture number 2 (Fig. 51F) or 3 (Figs 51B, 52B) and P:E (polar to equatorial) ratio.
Information on phenology and habitat is based partly on our field observations but mostly on the data provided by herbarium labels. We have tried to generalise from this information so patterns of flowering and habitat preferences can be discerned. In general species growing in dry country flower in the second half of the rainy season (January to April) while plants from moist forest flower in the dry season (June to September) but there is much individual variation.
The distribution maps were prepared using data gathered from field collections and herbarium labels using ArcGIS Pro 3.0. The elevation data was downloaded from WorldClim 2.1 (Fick and Hijmans 2017).
Conservation assessments are not systematically included. Where assessments have been made previously (León 2006, for example), they were almost certainly premature. We are only in a slightly better position to make assessments because of the larger number of records. However, we do not know whether the records represent extant populations or the size or extent of each population. Even less information is known about the state of the habitat of individual species, although it seems likely that the lowland forest where many species were found has been felled or degraded. We have occasionally made inferences where these are apparent from the records. However the absence of records in the last forty years, in the cases of Justiciapelianthia, J.lactiflora and J.schunkei, for example, may reflect lack of collecting activities rather than extinction. The recent rediscovery of J.cuspidulata after more than 150 years underlines the dangers of assuming that the absence of records implies extinction. Recent records of J.falcifolia and J.chamaecaulis after a prolonged gap in time serve as a similar caution. The work of making reliable conservation assessments lies in the future with those in a position to assess the status of populations in real future time.
Taxonomy
In the following notes species are arranged in informal groups based partly on morphology, partly on palynology and/or partial molecular results and ecology. It is hoped that this organisation is more informative to the reader than the use of an alphabetical arrangement. A key would be premature at this stage but the arrangement should help readers to place an unknown species or compare one species with another.
The arrangement is as follows:
Species 1–6 Calyx 4-lobed; corolla relatively large (> 2.5 cm long); inflorescence a terminal spike; lower anther theca usually lacking basal appendage.
Species 7 As for 1–6 but corolla small (< 2.5 cm long).
Species 8 As for 7 but calyx 5-lobed and lower anther theca with basal appendage.
Species 9–16 Corolla long, narrow, tubular; calyx 5-lobed, Inflorescence of terminal and/or axillary spikes, Pollen large. Shrubs from tropical forest.
Species 17–19 Calyx 4-lobed, corolla with slender cylindrical tube, pink or white. Thecae very strongly superposed.
Species 20–23 Bracts setaceous, bristle-like, seeds smooth; calyx 5-lobed. Flowers in dense subcapitate spikes. Mostly Amazonian lowlands.
Species 24–27 Corolla white; calyx 5-lobed; Capsule 2–4-seeded. Seeds smooth. Pollen often verruculose; woody subshrubs of dry NW region.
Species 28–31 Inflorescence a terminal panicle of spikes; calyx 4 or 5-lobed
Species 32–35 Species with spathulate bracts, 5-lobed calyx and small corollas.
Species 36–37 Species with small corollas < 1.5 cm long and oblong or lanceolate bracts.
Species 38–45 Species with corollas > 2.5 cm long and oblong or lanceolate bracts.
Species 1–7. Most of these species would have been placed in Sect. Dianthera (L.) V.A.W.Graham, subsect. Saglorithys (Rizzini) V.A.W.Graham in Graham’s (1988) classification of Justicia s.l. This subsection is well represented in Peru and is characterised by the 4-lobed calyx, terminal inflorescence, the absence of appendages on the anther thecae and the capsule with a sterile base. Species 1–6 are relatively large-flowered, whereas in sp. 7 (J.discolor), the corolla is small. Molecular studies (Kiel et al. 2017) do not support this as a monophyletic group. More sampling is needed.
Justicia
alpina
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
1.
Lindau, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1: 159. 1905. (Lindau 1905: 159)
39DF38E3-4AE3-5AB1-AC5B-6743112E799F
Beloperone sessilifolia Lindau, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 247. 1922. (Lindau 1922: 247) Type. PERU. Lambayeque, Olmos, 1900–2000 m, A. Weberbauer 7105 (presumed holotype B†, isotypes GH 00093741, F-0040524F, US-00478761, US-01268829). Justicia sessilifolia (Lindau) Wassh., Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 1253. 1993 (Wasshausen 1993: 1253), syn. nov.
Type.
Peru • Encima de San Pablo, Cajamarca, 2400–2700 m, A. Weberbauer 3817 (presumed holotype B†, photo of holotype FOBN008806, isotype MOL-00005624).
Description.
Low subshrub scarcely 0.5 cm high, stems often simple. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, lamina 2–5 × 1.2–4 cm, ovate, base rounded to cordate, apex acuminate, sparsely hirtellous adaxially, glabrous abaxially, cystoliths conspicuous. Inflorescence of terminal spikes 6–20 cm long, the flowers in opposite pairs; peduncles and rhachis pubescent; bracts at base of inflorescence foliose, floral bracts and bracteoles 6–7 × 0.5–1 mm, lanceolate; calyx subequally 4-lobed, lobes 8–10 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, white-pilose; corolla 2.2–2.4 cm long, pink or violet, glabrous, tube 10–12 mm long, upper lip 12 × 3 mm, notched, lower lip 11 × 8 mm, 3-lobed, lobes 2–2.5 mm long, thecae 1.5–2.5 × 0.5 mm, oblong, glabrous, parallel, superposed, lower basally acute but without appendage. Capsule 11–14 × 3 mm, weakly clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds verucullose.
Conservation.
This species was assessed as EN, B1ab(iii) following IUCN (2024) guidelines (León 2006). However, this categorisation is likely to have been premature as numerous additional records are now known. The two subspecies recognised below were not then known and no evaluations of the populations or habitats were carried out.
Divisable into two geographical subspecies:
Justicia
alpina subsp. alpina
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
1a.
074A9E73-6839-5248-A366-0A2BD06A224F
Diagnosis.
This subspecies is distinguished by the bracts which are foliose to about the middle of the spike, the lower often entirely leaf-like. The leaves are broadly ovate to suborbicular, up to 4 cm broad and often about as broad as long. They are strictly sessile.
Illustration.
Fig. 1A–D.
Justiciaalpinasubsp.alpinaA habit B calyx with bracts and bracteoles C bract D corolla opened out to show stamens. Justiciaalpinasubsp.machupicchuensisE habit F leaf showing shape and abaxial surface G detail of midvein of adaxial surface of leaf H ovary. A–D drawn from Sagástegui 7933 by Cathy Pasquale; E–H drawn from Ugent 5331 by Margaret Tebbs.
Habitat.
Dry forest between about 1400 and 3000 m.
Phenology.
Flowers from March to May.
Distribution.
Endemic to three departments of northwestern Peru. Fig. 53.
Material examined.
Peru • Cajamarca: Prov. Cajamarca, arriba de San Pablo, 2470 m, 22 May 1975, A. Sagástegui 7933 (HUT, MO, US); • ibid., Dist. Chetilla [7°09'S, 78°40'W], L. Dávila et al. 5126 (Laboratorio de dendrologia). Prov. Chota, Dist. Llama [6°33'S, 78°38'W], 2200 m, 6 April 2012¸ L. García Llatas 8608 (USM); • ibid., road Llama–Huambos, 2100 m, 22 May 1965, A. López & A. Sagástegui 5268 (HUT, US). Prov. Contumazá, La Montana, road to Guzmango [7°22'S, 78°48'W], 2500 m, 18 May 1979, A. Sagástegui 9299 (F, MO, US); • ibid., Dist. Contumazá, El Molino (Cascas–Contumazá), 07°25'58"S, 078°47'30"W, 1800 m, 5 April, 1985, A. Sagástegui 12554 (MO, US); • ibid., km 13 Chilete–Contumazá, 1400 m, 3 May 1980, I. Sánchez Vega 2241 (CPUN, MO); ibid., Bosque Natural de Cachil, L. Dávila 166 (Laboratorio de dendrologia, Cajamarca); • ibid., Chilete, Bosque de Huertas, [7°13'S, 78°50'W] 1300–1500 m, L. Dávila 822 (Laboratorio de dendrologia, Cajamarca); • ibid., Contumazá, surroundings of Contumazá, 2870–3000 m, 3 May 1999, M. Binder et al. 1999/68 (F); • ibid., Contumazá, entre Contumazá y Amanchaloc, 2870–3000 m, 3 May 1999, E. Rodríguez et al. 2218 (F, USM); • ibid., desvío a bosque de Cachil, 2600 m, 30 May 1990, A. Sagástegui 14283 (F, US); • ibid., El Platanar Hydroelectric Power Plant (road Cascas–Contumazá), 1400 m, 31 March 1994, A. Sagástegui et al. 15210 (F, HAO, US); • ibid., Dist. Chilete, Bosque de Huertas, [7°13'S, 78°50'W], 1300–1500 m, 22 April 2006, L. Dávila 822 (Laboratorio de dendrología, Cajamarca); • ibid., Shillas, 2725 m, 20 March 2006, 7°19'43"S, 78°48'40"W, I. Sánchez V. 227 (CPUN); • ibid., Dist. Guzmango, surroundings of Guzmango, 2500 m, 30 April 1990, A. Sagástegui 14260 (F, US, USM); • ibid., La Pampa, 2730 m, 30 May 1959, A. Sagástegui & R. Samami 2940 (F, US, HUT); • ibid., C.C.P.P. La Erilla, 2800 m, 2 April 1981, A. Sagástegui 9708 (HUT, MEXU, US); • ibid., track from Guzmango to San Benito, 7°23'24"S, 78°54'01.4"W, 2562 m, 25 March 2001, T. Henning & C. Schneider 43 (HUT, USM); • ibid., surroundings of Yatón, 2200 m, 1 May 1981, A. Sagástegui et al. 9763 (HUT, US); • ibid., Dist. San Benito, Las Chirimoyas (road San Benito–Guzmango), 07°25.5'S, 78°55.5'W, 1592 m, 6 May 2001, A. Sagástegui et al. 16421 (F, HAO, US); • ibid., C.C.P.P. Andaloy, 1550 m, 5 May 1965, A. Sagástegui & M. Fukushima 5057 (HUT, US); • ibid., surroundings of Yatón, 2200 m, 1 May 1981, A. Sagástegui et al. 9763 (HUT, US). Prov. San Pablo, El Civil, Ladera, [7°06'32"S, 78°49'10"W], 2200 m, 12 June 1993, J. Sánchez Vega 655 (CPUN); • ibid., entre Conga y Sangal [7°05'S, 78°23'W], 2100 m, 26 March 2004, I. Sánchez Vega et al. 12611 (CPUN, F). • La Libertad: Prov. Gran Chimú, Corlás (Cascas–Contumazá) [7.29S 78 49W], 1450 m, 26 April 2002, A. Sagástegui 16883 (F, US). Prov. Otuzco, Dist. Sinsicap, camino a Paranday, [7°53'S, 78°42'W], 2650 m 1 May 1950, M. López 1052 (US); • ibid., 1 May 1954, A. López 1081 (US); ibid., 1 May 1954, A. López et al. 2289 (US); • ibid., Llacom, 2500 m, 16 March 1954, M. Vargas 0158 (US); • ibid., Dist. Huaranchal, 2300 m, 7 June 1958, A. López et al. 2688 (HUT, US). Prov. Trujillo, Hac. Campoden [8°07'S, 78°56'W], 27 March 1947, O. Velarde 447 (US). • Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, Porculla, 2200 m, 10 May 1992, S. Llatas Queiroz & H. de La Cruz 3102 (F, MO, US).
Justicia
alpina subsp. machupicchuensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
1b.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva subsp. nov.
A1D989E5-81B8-5DB2-B82A-0E0FBE61B3BC
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363404-1
Type.
Peru • Cusco, Prov. Urubamba, Dist. Machu Picchu, Urubamba Valley, E.K. Balls 6801 (holotype K-000544761, isotypes BM, F, US).
Diagnosis.
This subspecies is distinguished from alpina by the bracts which are distinct from the leaves and only those subtending the lowermost flower pair sometimes foliose, thus giving the spikes a naked appearance. The leaves are smaller, not exceeding 2.5 cm wide, always clearly ovate and sometimes with very short petioles < 3 mm long. Pollen prolate, 49–54 × 28–31 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 6–8 peninsulae on either side of the aperture (Fig. 48A).
Illustration.
Photographs of Justiciaalpinasubsp.machupicchuensis, showing subsessile leaves, colour variation in corolla and prominent “herring bone” patterning A INaturalist B R. Foster C–D J.L. Clark
Etymology.
This subspecies is named after the Inca site of Machu Picchu, from the surroundings of which almost all records come.
Phenology.
Flowers throughout the year.
Habitat.
Open places such as stone walls, disused terraces, rock ledges and grassy slopes in semi shade from 2200 to 3600 m approximately.
Distribution.
Endemic to two Andean departments of southern Peru and, with a single exception, restricted to the Machu Picchu area. Fig. 53.
Material examined.
Peru • Cusco: Media Naranja hill, 8750 ft, 27 March 1959, S.G.E. Saunders 428 (BM). Prov. La Convención, Dist. Vilcabamba, Lucma Yupancca, 2640–2750 m, 4 June 2022, W. Galiano et al. 4327 (CUZ). Prov. Urubamba, on way to Yuncapata, Aug. 1941, C. Dreyfus s.n. (USM 12766); • ibid., Dist. Machu Picchu, San Miguel Valley, 2400 m, 20 July 1928, F. Herrera 1995 (F); • ibid., Machu Picchu [13°09'S, 72°31'W], 3 Aug. 1930, C. Vargas 3170 (F); ibid., 200–300 m, 27 March 1942, C. Vargas 2636 (CUZ); • ibid., Huayna Picchu, 2650 m, 21 July 1961, C. Vargas 13608 (CUZ); • ibid., 12,000 ft, 9 May 1930 E.K. Balls 6801 (BM, K, F, US); • ibid., 2200 m, Oct. 1931, F. Herrera 3203 (F); • ibid., 3200 m, 16 May 1936, Y. Mexia 8081 (K, MO, US); ibid., 8500 ft, 1 June 1937, D. Stafford 794 (BM, F, K); • ibid., 12 Nov. 1937, D. Stafford 1222 (BM, F, K); ibid., 2400 m, Feb. 1938, C. Vargas 842 (F, CUZ, US); • ibid., 2200 m, 4 Feb. 1939, H.E. Stork et al. 10508 (F); • ibid., 7500 ft, 29 March 1939, W. Balfour Gourlay 90 (K); • ibid., 3800 m, 9 March 1943, M. Cardenas 2297 (US); • ibid., just below ruins of Machu Picchu, 3 March 1958, D.S. Correll & E.E. Smith P271 (US); • ibid., 2300 m, 20 May 1958, Reitz 5984 (US); • ibid., Valley of Urubamba river, 2400 m, 22 May 1958, H. Humbert 30685 (US); ibid, 2500–2600 m, 3 Jan. 1963, H. Iltis et al. 1042 (K, US); • ibid., 26 May 1963, D. & V. Ugent 5331(K, US); • ibid., Inca ruins of Machu Picchu, 2300 m, 14 March 1967, L.E. Skog 1133 (US); • ibid, N of Cuzco, 12 July 1969, W.J. Colaris 1327 (U); • ibid., above Machu Picchu, along old Inca trail, 2600 m, 17 April 1977, Al. Gentry et al. 19403 (P, US); • ibid., between Machu Picchu and Waina Picchu, May 1980, W.G. D’Arcy 13747 (MO); • ibid., Inca Trail Circuit, between Aguas Calientes town and Baños Termales, 13°09'S, 072°32'W, 2400–2700 m, Oct. 1986, A. Tupayachi 223 (CUZ, US); • ibid., 13°09'S, 072°31'W, 2300–4150 m, 16–19 March 1988, P. Núñez & F. Luna 8877 (CUZ, F, US); • ibid., around Huaynapicchu, 2000–2700 m, 30 March 1989, P. Nuñez & J. Smith 10332 (CUZ); • ibid., Pampacachua Cedrobamba, 13°11'S, 72°27'W, 2415 m, 30 Dec. 2000, A. Tupayachi et al. 4441 (CUZ); • ibid., Trocha Iran Bingham, 13°09'47"S, 72°13'19"W, 2207 m, 20 May 2003, I. Huamantupa et al. 3237 (CUZ, MO); • ibid., Pampacahua, km. 94, 13°06'S, 72°16'W, 2376 m, 21 Jan. 2005, L. Valenzuela et al. 4615 (BRIT, CUZ, MO, USM); • ibid., Puente ruinas Machu Picchu, 2000–2400 m, 17 March 1965, A. Aldave 4984 (CUZ, HUT); • ibid., Aguas Calientes, near base of mountain to Machu Picchu, 13°09'17"S, 72°31'31"W, 2040 m, 26 May 2010, J.L. Clark et al. 11629 (NY, US). • Puno: Sandia, surroundings of Sandia [14°14'S, 69°26'W], 2250 m, 31 Jan. 1964, C. Vargas 015122 (CUZ).
Justicia
cuspidulata
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
2.
(Nees) Wassh., Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 1253. 1993. (Wasshausen 1993: 1253)
0702DCA2-5370-5A6C-A904-008D447BDC9E
Rhytiglossa cuspidulata Nees, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 348. 1847. (Nees 1847b: 348) Type. PERU. Amazonas, Chachapoyas. A. Mathews 3152bis (holotype K-000529252, isotypes BM-000617660, G-00236276, G-00236277, G-00236278, K-000529253, OXF-00194644, US-02878809, fragment). Rhytiglossa hookeriana Nees, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 348. 1847. (Nees 1847b: 348) Type. PERU. Amazonas, Chacapoyas, Sesuya, A. Mathews 3152 (holotype K-000529384, isotypes BM-000617661, G-00236301, G-00236302, GZU-000251216 (fragment), K-000529383, OXF-00194660), syn. nov. Dianthera hookeriana (Nees) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks., Index Kew. 1(2): 742. 1893. (Jackson 1893: 742) Ecbolium hookerianum (Nees) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 980. 1891. (Kuntze 1891: 980) Justicia chachapoyasensis Wassh., Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 1253.1993. (Wasshausen 1993: 1253) Type. Based on Rhytiglossahookeriana Nees
Type.
Based on Rhytiglossacuspidulata Nees,
Description.
Stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–4 × 1–2.5 cm, ovate, obovate or elliptic, apex acuminate to rounded, acute, apiculate or cuspidate, only slightly longer than broad, base cuneate, pubescent; petioles 0.5–1 cm. Inflorescence a terminal spike, 6–10 cm long, usually much exceeding the subtending leaf pair, flowers in opposite pairs, bracts narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, c. 5 mm long, bracteoles 6–8 mm long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, hirtellous, slightly exceeding the 4-lobed calyx; calyx lobes 5–6 mm long, pubescent; corolla 12–18 mm long to apex of upper lip, pink, pubescent, lower lip slightly longer, spreading, lobed to 5 mm, lobes rounded; thecae weakly superposed, base muticous, c. 1 mm long. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 3.
Photographs of Justiciacuspidulata. Note the pink flowers with prominent “herring bone” patterning and obtuse leaves with short petioles. Photographs of Aybar 13 by David Aybar.
Phenology.
Found in flower in March.
Habitat.
Disturbed woodland, 697 m.
Distribution.
A rare species endemic to Amazonas Province and only known from the type and a single modern collection. Fig. 54.
Material examined.
Peru • Amazonas: Prov. Utcubamba, Dist. Jamalca, between Bagua Grande and Pedro Ruiz, 5°52'41.5"S, 78°12'25.9"W, 697 m, 29 March 2024, D. Aybar 001 (MOL); • ibid., 4 May 2024, D. Aybar 013 (MOL).
Notes.
Rhytiglossacuspidulata Nees and R.hookeriana Nees were described by Nees in the same publication based on different sheets of the same collection number. Although the cuspidate leaves of the R.cuspidulata are very distinct at first glance from the acute to shortly acuminate leaves of R.hookeriana there is considerable variation in the various sheets of this collection at BM, K and OXF with varying degrees of intermixture. K-000529252 has lower leaves shortly acuminate and apiculate, but the upper leaves rounded and cuspidate at apex. K-000529384 has some leaves acute and some obtuse and mucronate. No other distinguishing characters are discernible. It seems difficult to maintain Rhytiglossacuspidulata Nees and R.hookeriana as distinct taxa except possibly as forms so we propose they are treated under the oldest available name in Justicia, which is J.cuspidulata (Nees) Wassh., J.hookeriana being already occupied as J.hookeriana (Nees) T. Anderson from Sri Lanka.
Ezcurra (2002) equated R.cuspidulata with plants of the Chaco but Wasshausen & Wood showed that the Chaco plants were a distinct species, Justiciapraetermissa Wassh. & Wood (Wasshausen & Wood 2003).
Curiously, this plant was not recollected for over 150 years before David Aybar re-found it in March 2024. Photographs of this newly rediscovered species are shown in Fig. 3.
Justicia
chimboracensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
3.
Wassh., Fl. Ecuador 89: 138. 2013. (Wasshausen 2013: 138)
BAC4F123-DD4C-57FA-B71B-C5C65CF8D39F
Justicia loxensis Wassh., Fl. Ecuador 89: 138. 2013. (Wasshausen 2013: 138) syn. nov. Type. ECUADOR. Loja, road from Loja to Zaruma, between Chinches and Sambi, Harling & Andersson 14236 (holotype GB-14236, isotype US-01106144).
Type.
Ecuador • Chimborazo, Canyon of Río Chanchan, 5 km N of Huigra, W.H. Camp E-3285 (holotype US-01106141, isotypes CAS-560569, COL, K-000543842, M-0244152, MO-3085139, NY-2685706, P-04023385, S-12-734, US-02878220).
Description.
Perennial herb resembling J.alpina and J.cuspidulata in habit, shortly petiolate leaves and terminal spicate inflorescence with 4-lobed calyx, large reddish corollas and weakly superposed, basally muticous anther thecae. It is distinguished by the larger, 3.5–9 (–14) × 1.5–5 (–6.5) cm, ovate to oblong-elliptic leaves, which are apically acute to shortly acuminate and basally attenuate and decurrent onto petioles 0.5–2 cm long; also by the generally shorter, laxer spikes 4–10 cm long which usually scarcely exceed the subtending leaf pair, by the calyx lobes filiform apically, ± equalling the bracteoles and by the distinctly larger corolla 2.8–4.5 cm long, which lacks “herring bone” patterning.
Illustration.
Fig. 4; Wasshausen (2013: 127, 139); Sagástegui-Alva et al. (2003: 52).
Photographs of Justiciachimboracensis. Note the absence of “herring bone” patterning and the muticous thecae held at different angles. Photographs by Rosa Villanueva
Phenology.
Flowers from February to July.
Habitat.
1400–2000(–2500) m, scrubby banks.
Distribution.
Southern Ecuador and northwest Peru in the departments of Amazonas, Cajamarca and Lambayeque. Fig. 55.
Material examined.
Peru • Amazonas: Prov. Chachapoyas, 11 km E of Chachapoyas on road to Molinopampa, 1850 m, 23 Feb. 1978, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 980 (K, US); • ibid., Chachapoyas, outside town on road to Mendoza, 1500 m, 10 April 2001, H. van der Werff et al. 16872 (USM); Prov. Bongara, Río Utcubamba, 18–19 km below Caclic, 1500 m, 15 June 1964, P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 5857 (USM); • ibid., road from Puente Inferno to Chachapoyas, Río Utcubamba, 1420 m, 25 Feb. 1976, T. Plowman 5556 (USM); • ibid., km 19 Pedro Ruiz a Chachapoyas, Oct. 1990, F. Kahn & F. Moussa 2745 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Churuha, Catarata Ashpachaca, entre Pedro Ruiz y Chachapoyas, 6°00'48.5"S, 77°55'02.3"W, 512 m, 2 May 2024, D. Aybar 009 (MOL); Prov. Luya, Dist. El Tingo, entre Cacle y Pedro Ruiz, 1470 m, 7 July 2001, I. Sánchez Vega & A. Delgado Salinas 10813 (CPUN, US). • Cajamarca: Prov. Contumazá, 28 km below Contumazá towards Cascas, 7°25'S, 78°25'W, 1835–1900 m, 14 April 1986, *M.O. Dillon et al.*4506 (BM, MO); • ibid., La Montaña (Guzmango-Contumazá), 2500 m, 18 May 1979, A. Sagástegui et al. 9310 (HUT, US); • ibid., Dist. San Benito, Andaloy, San Benito–Yeton, 2000 m, 23 March 1988, A. Sagástegui et al. 13047 (F, HUT, MO, US). Prov. Jaén, 500 m, 27 March 1960, F. Woytkowski 5606 (US). • La Libertad: Prov. Otuzco, entre Huaranchal and Chuiquizongo, 2000 m., 8 June 1958, A. López et al. 2706 (HUT, US). Prov. Gran Chimú, Corlas (Cascas–Contumazá), 1400 m, 16 Feb. 1995, A. Sagástegui & S. Leiva 15512 (F, MO). • Lambayeque: road to Jaén, 38.6 km east of Olmos, west side of Abra Porculla [5°51'S, 79°30'W], 1570 m, 14 March 1964 P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 4431 (MO, US, USM).
Notes.
This plant is somewhat variable. At one extreme, Sagástegui et al. 13047 has a corolla 4–4.5 cm long and obscurely puberulent calyx lobes, thus fitting J.loxensis rather well. At the other extreme, Wasshausen & Encarnación 980 has a shorter corolla c. 3.5 cm long, similar to the type of J.chimboracensis, but with a pubescent calyx. Other specimens lie between the two extremes.
Specimens of this plant collected in Peru were generally identified in herbaria as Justiciachachapoyasensis (Rhytiglossahookeriana), possibly because it grows near Chachapoyas. The species appear to be related but the inflorescence, corolla and calyx lobes are different.
Justicia
rojasiae
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
4.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood sp. nov.
807A31C9-F3DD-5D02-B3C9-12EDEF4BDBFF
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363405-1
Type.
Peru • Pasco, Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Oxapampa, Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén. Quebrada Yanachaga, 10°24'S, 75°28'W, 2250 m, 14 June 2003, R. Vásquez 28272 (holotype MO-7066511, isotypes HOXA, US, USM).
Diagnosis.
Similar to Justiciacuspidulata in the 4-lobed calyx, red corolla and spicate inflorescence with flowers in opposite pairs and reduced bracts resembling the bracteoles, but leaves narrowly oblong-ovate, 2–3 times as long as broad (not ovate-elliptic, scarcely longer than broad), petioles 2–4 mm (not mostly > 10 mm), inflorescence long-pedunculate, lower flower pairs distant, corolla lips relatively short (3–5 mm long, not 10 mm), calyx lobes c. 9 mm long (not 7–8 mm); it also resembles J.alpina but the leaves are narrowly oblong-ovate, 2–3 times as long as broad, (not ovate, scarcely longer than broad), distinctly petiolate (not subsessile) and spikes much shorter, 4–5 cm long (not 6–20 cm).
Description.
Perennial herb reaching at least 50 cm in height; stem obscurely 4-angled, subglabrous to obscurely bifariously scurfy-puberulent. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina mostly 4–7 × 1.3–2 cm, narrowly oblong-ovate, apex acuminate to an obtuse apex, base cuneate, slightly oblique, both surfaces glabrous and lacking prominent cystoliths, veins 4–5 pairs; petioles 2–4 mm, glabrous. Inflorescence of lax terminal spikes, 4–5 cm long, the flowers sessile, solitary or paired, opposite along the rhachis, up to 1.5 cm distant; peduncles 1.5–3.5 cm long, bifariously pubescent; rhachis glandular-pubescent; bracts linear 3–4 × 1 mm, glabrous or thinly (glandular-)pubescent; bracteoles 4–5 × 0.5 mm, linear, sparsely pubescent; calyx 4-lobed to base, lobes 9–10 × 0.5 mm at anthesis, linear, acuminate, sparsely pubescent with multicellular, sometimes gland-tipped hairs; corolla pink, pubescent on the exterior, 2.5 cm long; tube gradually widened from 1 mm at base to 5 mm at mouth, 2-lipped, upper lip c. 1.5–3 mm long, notched, lower lip very shallowly lobed, lobes c. 3 mm long, ovate, rounded; filaments glabrous, white, anther thecae broadly oblong, 1.25 × 1 mm, held at same height, glabrous, lacking appendages; pollen prolate, 39–43 × 23–24 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, one row of c. 9–12 insulae and a second row of peninsulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 48B); ovary and style glabrous. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
JusticiarojasiaeA habit B detail of stem C detail of adaxial leaf surface D bract E bracteole F calyx G corolla opened out H anther J ovary. Drawn from Vásquez 28272 by Margaret Tebbs
Photographs of A, BJusticiarojasiae (Vásquez 36460). Note the indumentum and absence of “herring bone” patterning. C, DJusticiapozuzoensis (Villanueva 925). Note the alternate flowers. A, B Rodolfo Vásquez, C, D Rosa Villanueva.
Etymology.
This species is named after Rocio Rojas who has contributed to our knowledge of Peru’s flora by numerous records, many cited in this paper.
Phenology.
Flowers from April to June.
Habitat.
Forest and forest relics, 1900–2250 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to the area around the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park in Oxapampa Province, Pasco Department. Fig. 54.
Material examined.
Peru • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Chontabamba, Ecolodge Ulcumano 10°38'08"S, 75°25'37"W, 2244 m, 10 May 2021, R. Vásquez et al. 45620 (HOXA, USM); • ibid. La Suiza Vieja, 10°38'47"S, 75°30'20"W, 2050 m, 18 June 2004, R. Rojas et al. 2936 (HOXA, MO); • ibid., 10°38'34"S, 75°27'31"W, 2000–2200 m, 23 June 2004, R. Rojas et al. 3055 (HOXA, MO); • ibid., 10°38'S, 75°40'W, 1900 m, 16 April 2010, R. Vásquez et al. 36460 (HOXA, MOL, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Oxapampa, P. N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, the type.
Note.
R. Rojas et al. 1174 (MO) from Oxapampa, Dist. Pozuzo, Puesto de Control, Huampal (10°11'S, 75°34'W) at 1100 m appears somewhat similar but has a much denser inflorescence.
Justicia
pozuzoensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
5.
Wassh., Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 1253.1993. (Wasshausen 1993: 1253)
23A52EC7-DAED-51B1-B265-E9CF8E494EFB
Jacobinia weberbaueri Lindau, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 246. 1922. (Lindau 1922: 246) Type. PERU. Pasco, Prov. Pozuzo, A. Weberbauer 6749 (presumed holotype B†, isotypes F-0040507F, GH-00094055, MOL-00005726, MOL-00005727, MOL-00005728, US-02882985).
Type.
Based on Jacobiniaweberbaueri.
Description.
Subshrub to 2 m in height, stems bifariously puberulent. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate, lamina 5–10 × 2–3.5 cm, ovate, acuminate, base subcordate, rounded to cuneate, glabrous except ciliolate margin, both surfaces with cystoliths; petioles 0–7 mm long. Inflorescence of solitary or (rarely) branched terminal lax spikes up to 15 cm long, occasionally also arising in the upper leaf axils, the flowers solitary, up to 15 mm apart; bracts 6 × 0.5 mm, puberulent, sterile below; calyx 4-lobed, lobes 12–15 × 1.5 mm, pubescent below, glabrous apically; corolla 4–4.9 cm long, orange, puberulent, tube subcylindrical 3 mm wide at base, widened to 6 mm above, upper lip 21 × 10 mm, bilobed, lower lip 19 × 9 mm, 3-lobed, lobes emarginate; filaments c.22 mm long, anther thecae 2 mm long, superposed, muticous; pollen prolate, 37.5–45 × 25–30 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, two irregular rows of 6–9 insulae on either side of the aperture, the outer row partially peninsulae (Fig. 48C); ovary 2.5 mm high, glabrous. Capsule 18–20 × 5–6 mm, glabrous, clavate, the base sterile, 4-seeded; seeds c. 3 mm, rounded, verruculose.
Illustration.
JusticiapozuzoensisA habit B bracts and bracteoles C calyx D corolla opened out showing lips and androecium E capsule valves, exterior (right), interior (left) F seed. Drawn from MacBride 3722, A, B, D by Cathy Pasquale; C, E, F by Margaret Tebbs
Phenology.
Flowers from May to August.
Habitat.
Steep forested slopes and roadsides, c. 600 to 1800 m.
Distribution.
A rare species endemic to central Peru. Most records are from near Pozuzo. Fig. 55.
Material examined.
Peru • [Huánuco]: Prov. Pachitea, Dist. Chaglla, Yanano [9°50'S, 75°54'W approx.], 6000 ft, 13–16 May 1923, J.F. MacBride 3722 (F, US). • Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, San Ramón, Between Lourdes de Oxabamba and Nueva Italia, 11°3"36.5"S, 75°24'18.2"W, 1120 m, 3 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 925 (HOXA); • ibid., carretera a la Promisoria, pasando Lourdes, 11°3"59.4"S, 75°24'08.7"W, 22 March 2022, C. Reynel 22-049 (MOL); • ibid., 28 March 2022, C. Reynel 22-112 (MOL). • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Pozuzo, the type; • ibid., Huacabamba–Pozuzo, Cañón de Huacabamba, below Río Tunqui, 10°10'S, 75°35'W, 1000–1500 m, 30 June 1985, R. Foster et al. 10367 (F, MOL, USM, US); • ibid., Dist. Pozuzo, 2000 ft, 20–22 June 1923, J.F. Macbride 4700 (F, US); • ibid., Dist. Huancabamba, 10°05'42"S, 75°55'8"W. 1777 m, Xue-Jun Ge et al. 497 (USM); • ibid., Xue-Jun Ge et al. 503 (USM).
Conservation.
This species was assessed as EN, B1ab(iii) following IUCN (2024) guidelines (León 2006). However, this categorization is likely to have been premature as fewer records were known at the time and no evaluation of the populations or habitats was carried out.
Justicia
oppositiflora
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
6.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood sp. nov.
94171130-DD48-5842-9793-7E088CB17CB9
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363406-1
Type.
Peru • Pasco, Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Huancabamba, Río Yanachaga drainage, Hac. Yanachaga, 10°32'S, 75°32'W, 2240–2260 m, 26 May 1983, D.N. Smith & G.Pretel 4189 (holotype MO-3507877, isotypes F-1992314, US-3123730, USM).
Diagnosis.
This species is closely related to Justiciapozuzoensis but the flowers are arranged in opposite pairs (not solitary), the calyx lobes 6–8 (–11) mm (not 12–15 mm) long and the corolla 3.2–3.9 cm long (not 4–4.9 cm) long. It also bears a close resemblance to J.novagranatensis Leonard in having somewhat lax elongate spikes of opposite flowers with similar floral dimensions but differs in the very shallowly lobed lower corolla lip (not deeply lobed to 7 mm).
Description.
Subshrub to 1.5 m (–5 m) in height; stems ± glabrous, occasionally obscurely bifariously hirtellous below nodes, sometimes caniculate. Leaves shortly petiolate; lamina 3.5–12 × 0.8–3 cm, lanceolate to narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate to a fine point, base cuneate, sometimes slightly oblique, margin entire to obscurely undulate, both surfaces glabrous or obscurely hirtellous on the midvein near the base, adaxially with cystoliths, abaxially paler, gland-dotted, venation not prominent, lateral veins c. 6–7; petioles 2–4 mm, deeply channelled, glabrous. Inflorescence of lax spikes, both terminal and from the upper leaf axils; flowers in distant opposite pairs, up to 2 cm apart below, but closer above; spikes 5–9 cm long; rhachis glabrous to obscurely bifariously hirtellous; floral bracts 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, glabrous to shortly puberulent and with prominent cystoliths; bracteoles lanceolate-deltoid 5–6 × 1 mm, glabrous to shortly puberulent; calyx subequally 4-lobed, lobes lanceolate, finely acuminate, 6 × 0.75 mm at anthesis but reaching 11 × 1.25 mm in fruit, pubescent; corolla 3.2–3.9 cm long, red, glabrous, 2-lipped, tube 1.8–2.2 cm long, gradually widened from a narrow base, c. 1.5 mm wide, to 4–5 mm at mouth, strongly 2-lipped, upper lip bifid, 1.5–2 cm long, lower lip slightly shorter, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes subequal, ovate, rounded c. 1 × 1 mm; filaments glabrous, white, c. 2.2 cm long, anther thecae superposed, glabrous, 1.25–1.5 × 0.5 mm, both with a basal appendage; pollen prolate, 47–57 × 25 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 7–10 insulae and 1 row of peninsulae (Fig. 48D); style c. 4 cm long, glabrous; ovary c. 2 mm high, conical, glabrous. Capsule 15.3 mm long, glabrous, clavate, 4-seeded; seeds 2 mm long.
Illustration.
Fig. 8.
JusticiaoppositifloraA habit B bract C bracteole D calyx E corolla opened out to show lips and androecium F anther thecae G ovary. Drawn from Smith & Pretel 4189 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
The epithet “oppositiflora” refers to the arrangement of the flowers in the inflorescence, the opposite flowers being an important distinction from Justiciapozuzoensis.
Phenology.
Found in flower in January and May to August.
Habitat.
Primary and secondary forest. 2100–2250 m.
Distribution.
Apparently endemic to the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park in Peru. Fig. 55.
Material examined.
Peru • Sine loc. McLean s.n. (K). Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, the type collection; • ibid., P.N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, Sector Quebrada Yanachaga, 10°24'13"S, 75°29'04"W, 2200 m, 14 Jan. 2005, R. Vásquez et al. 30641 (MO); • ibid., Sector Palcazú–Alto Navarra, 10°16’'S, 75°15'W, 2100 m, 24 Aug. 2005, R. Rojas 3846 (HOXA, MO, US); • ibid., P.N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, Quebrada Yanachaga, 10°24'44"S, 75°28'56"W, 2250 m, 14 June 2003, R. Vásquez et al. 28287 (US, USM).
Note.
This species is very close to Justiciapozuzoensis differing in little more than the diagnostic characters.
Species 7. Small flowered species with 4-lobed calyx and inflorescence of terminal spikes.
Justicia
discolor
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
7.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
9D42381A-8DEF-5C96-BDCA-90776934C26E
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363407-1
Type.
Peru • Junín, Prov. Satipo, Dist. Río Negro, 800 m, 12 Aug. 1960, F. Woytkowski 5790 (holotype US-2960983, isotypes MO-2923588, US-2426094).
Diagnosis.
Slender perennial herb with 4-lobed calyx and terminal inflorescence resembling Justiciaboliviana Rusby and allies but distinguished by the discolorous, nearly glabrous leaves, the glandular-pilose inflorescence, linear calyx lobes 7.5–9 × 0.25–0.5 mm, small glabrous corolla 10–12 mm long and thinly pubescent capsule.
Description.
Perennial herb; stems creeping, rooting at the nodes, eventually ascending to c. 50 cm, striate, glabrous to thinly hirtellous. Leaves equal to slightly unequal in each pair, shortly petiolate; lamina 1.5–9.5 × 0.6–4 cm, very variable in shape even on the same plant, commonly lanceolate to ovate, usually acuminate to an obtuse apex, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, sometimes slightly decurrent onto the petiole, margin undulate to conspicuously crenate, veins prominent, c. 5–6 pairs, discolorous, adaxially green with abundant cystoliths, abaxially usually conspicuously dark violet, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 3–7 mm, subglabrous to hirtellous. Inflorescence a terminal pedunculate spike, often solitary but sometimes with 1–2 secondary spikes from the uppermost leaf axils, spikes 1.5–6 (–14) cm long; peduncles 1–3.5 (–6) cm, thinly to densely glandular-pilose, rhachis glandular pilose, flowers in opposite pairs, c. 8 mm apart below, imbricate above; bracts 4–5 × 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, glandular-pilose; bracteoles similar but 2–3 × 0.25 mm; calyx 4-lobed to base, lobes 7.5–9 × 0.25–0.5 mm linear to filiform, acuminate, accrescent in fruit, glandular-pilose; corolla lilac, purple or violet with white “herring bone” patterning, glabrous, 10–12 mm long, 2-lipped, tube c. 6 × 1.5 mm, white or purplish, upper lip 2–4 mm long, entire, lower lip c. 6 mm long, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes c. 1 mm long, ovate, rounded; filaments glabrous, anther thecae shortly oblong, 0.5 × 0.25 mm, superposed, glabrous, lacking basal appendages; pollen prolate, 35 × 21–22 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 distinct band of sexine on either side of aperture (Fig. 48E); style 9–10 mm long, glabrous. Capsule 6–8 × 1.5–2 mm, narrowly clavate, apiculate, thinly glandular-pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds 1 × 1.25 mm, cordate-ovoid, flattened, rugose, glabrous, reddish-brown.
Divisable into two geographical subspecies:
Justicia
discolor subsp. discolor
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
7a.
82B2ECFF-B802-5AF9-AFB9-70A0A1CCEE6B
Diagnosis.
Closely related to Justiciadiscolorsubsp.filisepala but more robust, the leaves discolorous, purple abaxially, lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, firm in texture, 1.5–9.5 × 0.6–4 cm, mostly more than 3 times as long as broad (not discolorous or purple abaxially, elliptic, obtuse, thick in texture, 2–5 (–6) × 1–4 cm, c. twice as long as broad), inflorescence imbricate above, the flower pairs c. 8 mm apart below, (not up to 22 mm apart in fruit); calyx lobes linear (not filiform).
Illustration.
JusticiadiscolorsubspdiscolorA habit B section of stem showing indumentum C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla opened out showing lips and androecium G anther thecae H capsule valves, exterior (right), interior (left) J seed. Drawn from Encarnación 1156 by Margaret Tebbs.
Photographs of Justiciadiscolor. Note glandular inflorescence and violet corolla with “herring bone” patterning A (Azevedo 162) Igor Azevedo B–D (Villanueva 976) Rosa Villanueva.
Etymology.
The name “discolor” refers to the leaves which are characteristically green on the upper surface but purple on the lower surface.
Phenology.
Flowering from May to August with a single record from December.
Habitat.
Rainforest, “bosque alto”, 300–900 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Amazonian Peru, widespread but scattered in occurrence. Fig. 54.
Material examined.
Peru • Huánuco: Prov. Leoncio Prado, E of Las Palmas, 15 km S of Tingo María, 900 m, 20 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & O. Tovar 1275 (K, US); • ibid., Dist. Luyando, Tulumayo, July 1938, C.A. Ridoutt s.n. (USM 10003); • ibid., Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Jacintillo, left margin of Río Monzón, 18 July 1978, J. Schunke Vigo 10373 (MO, US); • ibid., Tingo María, 9°18'S, 75°59'W, 700–780 m, 9 Dec. 1981, T. Plowman et al. 11251 (F, US); • ibid., Fundo El Encanto, 700 m, 15 Aug. 1943, C.A. Ridoutt USM 13149 (USM). Prov. Puerto Inca [Pachitea], Dist. Honoria, carretera Miel de Abejas (1 km arriba de Tornavista) a 3 km del Campamento, 300–400 m, 19 May 1967, J. Schunke V. 1969 (F); • ibid., Dist. Codo de Pozuzo, Carretera Pozuzo-Codo del Pozuzo, 28 Aug. 2019, I. Azevedo & R. Villanueva 162 (HOXA). • Junín: Prov. Satipo, the type; • ibid. 17 Aug. 1960, F. Woytkowski 5824 (MO, US). • Madre de Dios: Prov. Manu, Manu Park, Cocha Cashu uplands, 11°45'S, 71°0'W, 400 m, 28 July 1986, P. Nuñez 5521 (CUZ, MO); • ibid. 11°45'S, 71°00'W, 19 Aug. 1986, P. Nuñez 5848 (MO, USM); Prov. Tahuamanu, 8 km del Fundo Noaya, hacia la Quebrada Putirija, 29 May 1978, F. Encarnación 1156 (US). • San Martin: Prov. Mariscal Cáceres, Dist. [Dept.] Uchiza, Cachiyacu de Lepuna, 450–500 m, 10 July 1974, J. Schunke V. 7298 (F, MO, USM). • Ucayali: Prov. Coronel Portillo, Ivita, km 59 Carretera Federico Basadre, 17 July 1974, F. Encarnación 432 (US). Prov. Padre Abad, Dist. Padre Abad, Catarata Santa Rosa, 9°09'S 75°45'W, 882 m, 8 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 976 (HOXA).
Note.
Usually recognisable even when sterile by the discolorous leaves.
Justicia
discolor subsp. filisepala
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
7b.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva subsp. nov.
B81DEA33-5904-52CA-9446-361CE392E5BE
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363408-1
Type.
Peru • Loreto, Prov. Maynas, Dist. Mazán, 6 km from Fundo Buenas Aires, Río Tamishiyacu, 20 June 1977, F. Encarnación 1107 (holotype K-000544764, isotype US-2956915).
Diagnosis.
Closely related to Justiciadiscolorsubsp.discolor but a slender herb, the leaves concolorous, elliptic, obtuse, thin in texture, 2–5 (–6) × 1–4 cm, c. twice as long as broad, glabrous or thinly pilose, (not discolorous, purple abaxially, lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, relatively firm in texture, 1.5–9.5 × 0.6–4 cm, mostly more than 3 times as long as broad); inflorescence lax, the flower pairs up to 22 mm apart (not imbricate, not more than 10 mm apart); calyx lobes filiform (not linear).
Description.
Slender near isophyllous creeping herb, rooting at nodes; stems to 25 cm, bifariously crisped-pubescent, glabrescent when old, cystoliths prominent and abundant. Leaves petiolate, lamina 2–5 (–6) × 1–4 cm, broadly ovate, oblong-ovate, to elliptic, apex obtuse to rounded, base broadly cuneate, margin undulate to weakly crenate, glabrous or thinly pilose adaxially with multicellular hairs, cystoliths abundant on both surfaces, slightly paler beneath; petioles 3–4 mm. Inflorescence of short, pedunculate terminal spikes, 1–3 cm long, elongating to 8 (–14) cm in fruit, usually solitary but occasionally with a small secondary spike from the uppermost leaf axils; flowers relatively distant, up to 22 mm apart at base of spike; peduncles 1–1.8 cm at anthesis but up to 6 cm in fruit, shortly pilose with gland-tipped whitish hairs; rhachis shortly pilose with gland-tipped whitish hairs, the flowers in opposite pairs, ± imbricate with internodes up to 3 mm long at anthesis but up to 22 mm in fruit, bracts 4–5 × 0.5 mm, linear, mucronulate, shortly pilose with gland tipped hairs, cystoliths prominent; bracteoles similar but only c. 2.5 mm long; calyx subequally 4-lobed to base, lobes linear-filiform, 7.5–8 × 0.25–0.5 mm, accrescent in fruit to 10 mm long, shortly pilose with gland-tipped hairs; corolla pale lilac, glabrous externally, 11–12 mm long, upper lip c. 4 mm long, subentire, lower lip 3-lobed, c. 6 mm long, lobes ovate, rounded; stamens glabrous, anther thecae 0.5 × 0.25 mm, oblong, superposed, glabrous, the lower with an almost imperceptible basal appendage; pollen prolate, 33–36 × 21 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, a distinct band of sexine on either side of aperture (Fig. 48F); style glabrous, c. 10 mm. Capsule 7–8 × 2 mm, clavate, apiculate, thinly pubescent, valves with prominent venation, strongly recurved after seeds are ejected, 4-seeded; seeds 1.25 × 1.5 mm, tuberculate.
Illustration.
Fig. 11A–J.
Justiciadiscolorsubsp.filisepalaA habit B bract C bracteole D detail of indumentum E calyx F corolla G anther H capsule valve J seed. JusticiachamaecaulisK habit L bract M bracteole N calyx P corolla Q anther R capsule valve S seed. A–J drawn from Encarnación 1107 K–S from Encarnación 927 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
The name “filisepala” refers to the calyx lobes which are characteristically thread-like in this subspecies.
Phenology.
Found in flower in February, March and June.
Habitat.
Humid lowland rainforest, perhaps liable to flooding, 95–190 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Amazonian Peru in Loreto. Fig. 54.
Material examined.
Peru • Loreto: Prov. Maynas, Gamitanacocha, Río Mazán, 100–125 m, 8 Feb. 1935, J.M. Schunke 192 (F, US, USM); • ibid., 6 km from Fundo Buenas Aires, Río Tamishiyacu, 20 June 1977, F. Encarnación 1107 (K, US). Prov. Mariscal Ramón Castilla, Río Yavari, 20 km río abajo de Angamos, Quebrada Curacinha, 5°03'05"S, 72°43'52"W, 95–190 m, 28 March 2003, H. Beltrán et al. 5429 (F, USM). 4
The following are more robust with concolorous leaves and might be seen as intermediate with subsp. discolor.
Additional material examined.
Peru • Ayacucho: Prov. La Mar, Río Catute, between Santa Rosa and Sanabamba, 700 m, 16 Sept. 1976, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1155 (US). Loreto, Región Amazonas, Caballococha, 3°55'S, 70°30'W, 106 m, 15 Aug. 1989, R. Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 12755 (MO, US).
Species 8. This species is probably unrelated to the previous seven. It is similar to Justiciadiscolor in its low stature, terminal inflorescence and small corolla but the calyx is 5-lobed and the pollen 3- or possibly 4-aperturate.
Justicia
chamaecaulis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
8.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
A1B8041D-BFE4-5482-8481-E1F94D1D7361
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363409-1
Type.
Peru • Loreto, Maynas, Dist. San Juan Bautista, Peñanegra, 8 km de Iquitos, 19 Aug. 1976, F. Encarnación 927 (holotype K-000544765, isotypes US-2956902, USM)
Diagnosis.
Low herb, < 10 cm high, the short dense inflorescence usually with several spikes and calyx 5-lobed; somewhat similar to some forms of Justiciapotarensis (Bremek.) Wassh. in leaf shape, indumentum and pilose inflorescence but always < 10 cm high (not up 40 cm), the spikes 1–4 cm long (not 5–15 cm long), flowers densely imbricate (not clearly separated) and the bracts equalling or longer than the calyx (not shorter).
Description.
Small leafy herb < 10 cm high from a slender taproot with fibrous lateral branches; stem usually simple, villous with stiff white hairs. Leaves crowded below inflorescence, the internodes up to 12 mm, but usually much less, petiolate, lamina 1.5–7 × 1–2 cm, oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse, adaxially thinly pilose to glabrescent except pubescence along the mid vein, abaxially slightly paler, glabrous except for pubescence on the mid vein above petiole, punctate; petioles 3–13 mm, villous. Inflorescence of solitary terminal bracteate spikes, sometimes with a secondary spike from uppermost leaf axil; spikes 1–4 cm long, sessile, the flowers imbricate, bracts 9 × 2.5 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse, green with prominent veins, thinly pilose; bracteoles 8.3–13 × 1.25 mm, thinly pilose, oblanceolate; calyx 5-lobed to near base, lobes linear-filiform, attenuate, slightly unequal in width, 6–7 × 0.25–0.5 mm, thinly pilose; corolla c. 8 mm long, 2-lipped, tube c. 4 × 1.5 mm, white; lips purplish, upper lip lanceolate, notched; lower lip 4–5 × 5 mm, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded, thecae oblong, 1 × 0.25 mm, glabrous, strongly superposed, the lower with a basal appendage; pollen prolate, 38–41 × 23–26 μm, 3-aperturate (possibly 4-aperturate), colporate, a row of unbroken band of sexine on either side of aperture (Fig. 49A); style pilose. Capsule 7–8 × 2 mm, clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds 1.5 mm diam., rugose.
Illustration.
Fig. 11K–S.
Etymology.
The name “chamaecaulis” meaning ‘low stem’ refers to the low growing habit so characteristic of this plant.
Phenology.
Found in flower in February, July, August, and September.
Habitat.
Forest clearings and tracksides on white sand at low altitudes, 140–150 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru and only known from the Iquitos area of Maynas in Loreto. Fig. 65.
Material examined.
Peru • Loreto: Prov. Maynas, Río Nanay, halfway between Santa María de Manay and Iquitos, 3°30'S, 73°30'W, 140 m, 23 Feb. 1981, Al. Gentry et al. 31643 (MO, US); • ibid., Dist. Iquitos, trail from Picuru (lower Río Maynas) to Río Mazan, S. McDaniel 21463 (US); Dist. San Juan Bautista, carretera Pena Negra a 7 km de Quisto Cocha, Río Itaya, 150 m, 18 Sept. 1981, M. Rimachi 5713 (US); • ibid., 8 km de Iquitos, 19 Aug. 1976, F. Encarnación 927 (K, US, USM); • ibid., Quistococha, vic. Iquitos, 140 m, 16 Nov. 1977, Al. Gentry 20723 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., Mishana, trail from village to Camp. 1, 3°50'S, 73°30'W, 140 m, 22 July 1980, Al. Gentry et al. 28936 (MO); • ibid., Dist. Alto Nanay, Santa María de Nanay, Mishana (Río Nanay), 5 Aug. 1990, R. Vásquez et al. 14167 (MO).
Species 9–16. The Appendiculata clade. Justiciaaphelandroides, J.appendiculata and J.sanchezioides certainly belong to the Appendiculata clade sensu Kiel et al. (2018). This clade comprises taxa from wet tropical forests that tend to be shrubs (1–3 m in height), with large (5.5–8.0 cm long), slender and conspicuous flowers, anther thecae that are nearly parallel with appendages small or absent, and seeds that are discoid with rugose testa.
Justicia
appendiculata
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
9.
(Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1:159. 1804. (Vahl 1804: 159)
E668B997-1696-5421-AB5B-37F6D9A75885
Dianthera appendiculata Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.1: 12. 1798. (Ruiz and Pavón 1798: 12) Type. PERU. Pavon s.n. (lectotype MA-817205 designated here, isolectotypes BM-000992613, MA-815488, OXF-00194632). Beloperone appendiculata (Ruiz & Pav.) Nees, Prodr. 11: 423. 1847. (Nees 1847b: 423) Beloperone denudata Nees, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 423. 1847. (Nees 1847b: 423) 1847. Type. PERU. Loreto, Maynas, Poeppig 2017B (lectotype W, designated by Wasshausen and Wood (2004: 50) Beloperone mathewsiana Nees, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 731. 1847. (Nees 1847b: 731) Type. PERU. Moyabamba, A. Mathews 1535 (holotype K-000529267, isotype OXF-00194398). Beloperone pubinervia Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier 5(8): 675. 1897. (Lindau 1897: 675) Type. PERU. Pavon s.n. (presumed holotype B†, isotypes G00236307, US-2883208).
Type.
Based on Diantheraappendiculata Ruiz & Pav.
Description.
Shrub 1–3 m in height. Leaves very large and often overtopping the inflorescence, lamina 11–30 × 6–13 cm, elliptic, acuminate at both ends, long petiolate, glabrous, abaxially characteristically yellow-green with brown venation, lateral veins 14–17 pairs. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal spikes, individually short, < 5 cm long, forming a much branched compound inflorescence, the lateral spikes verticillate: inflorescence bracts large, foliose, yellow-green, ovate, 2.5–7 × 1–3.5 cm; floral bracts 1.4 × 0.7 mm, deltoid, yellow-green, pubescent; calyx 5-lobed, 5–6 mm long; corolla salmon-pink, very slender, 40–50 mm long, puberulent; anther thecae ellipsoid, 2 × 0.75 mm with a small white basal appendage, parallel, weakly superposed; pollen prolate 57 × 21 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 8 insulae and a few poorly developed peninsulae on either side of the aperture (Fig. 49B, Kiel et al. 2018: 462). Capsule 15–17 × 4 mm, clavate, minutely glandular; seeds 4, rugose.
Illustration.
Fig. 12A, B.
Photographs of A, BJusticiaappendiculata. Note the distinctive whitish-green bracts. C–DJusticiarauhii. Note distinctive yellow corollas. A, B Rosa Villanueva, C, D Isau Huamantupa.
Habitat.
Frequent in lowland rainforest up to c. 800 (–1500) m.
Phenology.
Flowers principally from May to September; reports of flowering outside this period are rare.
Distribution.
Eastern Andean slopes of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru extending into the Amazonian lowlands and into Amazonian Brazil, but apparently absent from Colombia and northern Ecuador. Fig. 56.
Material examined.
Peru • Ayacucho: Río Apurimac Valley, near Kimpitiriki, 400 m, 10 May 1929, E. P. Killip 22944 (F, US); • ibid., 10–11 May 1929, E.P. Killip 23015 (F, US); Prov. La Mar, Cordillera, Vilcabamba, T.R. Dudley 9095 (NA); • ibid., Río Marantari, below Santa Rosa bridge, 580 m, 28 May 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 480 (K, US, USM). • Cusco: Prov. La Convención, T.R, Dudley 10256 (NA); • ibid., Dist. Pichari, Quempiri, caserío Campa, margen derecha del Río Ene, 460–480 m, 24 July 1965, R. Ferreyra 16374 (US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Echarate, plataforma de perforación de gas, Cashiriari 3, 8 July 2005, S. Matías et al. 6296 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Quiteni, 12°38'28"S, 73°04'18"W, 600 m, 19 July 2004, W. Galiano et al. 6713 (CUZ, FHO). Prov. Urubamba, alto Río Urubamba–Hac. Pigliato, Aug. 1925, A. Diehl 2426 (F); • ibid., Alto Manguriari, 700 m, G. Ortiz 33 (CUZ27869); G. Ortiz 17 (CUZ27853). • Huánuco: La Merced de Cachiyaquillo, 400–500 m, 14 Aug. 1948, R. Ferreyra 4480 (US, USM); • ibid., along road to Fundo San Juan at junction of Río Chinchao and Río Huallaga, 18 July 1962, M. Mathias & D. Taylor 5914 (F, USM). Prov. Pachitea, c.20 km to 24 km SE of Puerto Inca, 700 m, 31 July 1988, B. Wallnofer 117-31788 (US); • ibid., Dist. Honoria. Quebrada de Shahuinto, Bosque Nacional de Iparia, 200–400 m, 12 July 1978, J. Schunke V. 2114 (F, US). Prov. Leoncio Prado, Dist. Luyando, Tulumayo, entre Tingo María y Divisoría, 700–800 m, 5 Aug. 1947, R. Ferreyra 2137 (US, USM); • ibid., Hac. Shapajilla, cerca de Tingo María, 800 m, 10 Aug. 1946, R. Ferreyra 0894 (US, USM); • ibid., km 35 between Tingo María & Pucallpa, 1500 m, 3 June 1981, G. Sullivan 1168 (US); • ibid., Puente Tulumayo, cerca de Tingo María.700–750 m, 24 July 1948, R. Ferreyra 4345 (K, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Mariano Damaso, Cayumba, entre Huánuco y Tingo María, 800–900 m, 15 July 1948, R. Ferreyra 4193 (MO, MOL, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Rupa-Rupa, al oeste de Tingo María, 700–750 m, 21 March 1978, J. Schunke V. 10070 (US); • ibid., hills above airport, Tingo María, left bank of Río Huallaga, 700–800 m, 5 April 1976, T.C. Plowman 5819 (US, USM); • ibid., Calpar Bella; cueva de los Hauriños. 700–900 m, 2 July 1976, J. Schunke V. 9488 (USM); • ibid., J. Schunke V. 9489 (F, US); • ibid., Tingo María, 600–650 m, 10 July 1958, R. Ferreyra 13136 (US, USM). • Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, de Chontabamba a Marinioc, July 1878, A. Raimondi 10637, 10648 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Chanchamayo, La Merced, 700 m, 29 May–4 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 23477 (F, US); • ibid., 2000 ft, 10–24 Aug. 1923, J.F. Macbride 5266 (F, US); • ibid., Dist. San Ramón, Hac. Huacara, 800–900 m, 11 July 1959, K. Lothar Diers 1299 (US); ibid, Lourdes de Oxabamba, 11°04'S, 75°23'W; 1246 m, 3 August 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 916 (MOL); • ibid., Dist. Perene, Colonia Perene, 680 m, 14–22 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 24914 (F, US). Prov. Huancayo, Oserato/Tambo, 4 Aug. 1964, G. Weiss 240 (F). Prov. Satipo, Dist. Río Tambo, Com. Nativa Oviri, 11°15'S, 73°47'W, 4 July 2018, M. Kujawska 429 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Satipo, San Francisco de Satipo, 700 m, 23 June 1977, J. Solomon 3225 (F); • ibid., Satipo, 800 m, Aug. 1940, C. Ridoutt s.n. (USM 11823 & USM11430); • ibid., July 1940, C. Ridoutt s.n. (USM 11875). • Loreto: without exact data, 480 m, 25 July 1964, P.C. Hutchison et al. 6045 (K). Prov. Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas, Río Huallaga, May 1855, R. Spruce 3892 (K); • ibid., Santa Rosa, lower Río Huallaga below Yurimaguas, 135 m, Sept. 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 28893 (F, US); • ibid., Washintsa and vicinity, Río Huasaga, 3°20'S, 76°20'W, 185 m, 16–26 July 1986, W. Lewis et al. 11245 (USM) • ibid., Puranchim, Río Sinchiyacu, 2°50'S, 76°55'W, 200 m, 21–27 Nov. 1986, W. Lewis et al. 11881 (USM). Prov. Coronel Portillo, Boqueron pass, Tingo María to Pucallpa, 480 m, 19 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & O. Tovar 1272 (K, US). Prov. Datém del Marañón, Dist. Manseriche, Soledad, on Río Itaya, 110 m, 20–22 Sept. 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 29645 (F). Prov. Ucayali, Pucallpa–Lima Highway, km 85, 200 m, 20 July 1970, S. McDaniel 13940 (F, US). • Madre de Dios: Prov. Manu, Cocha Cashu Biological Station. Manu National Park, 11°52'S, 71°22'W, 400 m, 1 Aug. 1983, Al. Gentry 43281 (F, MO, US); • ibid., 400 m, 14 Sept. 1985, P. Nuñez 1862 (F); • ibid., 400 m, July 1984, P. Nuñez 12 (CUZ024596); • ibid., 350 m, July 1978, R. Foster & J. Terborgh 6551 (F); • ibid., 27 Nov. 1980, R.B. Foster 5955 (F); • ibid., 11°53'S, 71°23'W, 350 m, 5 Sept. 1986, R.B. Foster 11272 (F, USM); • ibid., Cocha Cashu, between Panagua and Tayakome, 11°22'S, 71°22'W, 400 m, 17–24 Aug. 1974, R.B. Foster et al. 3311 (K, U, US, USM); • ibid., Cocha Cashu uplands, 11°45'S, 71°0'W, 400 m, 28 July 1986, P. Nuñez 5517-1862 (BRIT, CUZ, USM); • ibid., Quebrada Fierro, 11°22'S, 71°58'W, 400 m, July 1988, G. Shepard 2199 (F); Camp. Botánico, 320 m, 5 Sept. 2003, A. Maceda 843 (BRIT). Prov. Tahuamanu, Quebrada del Km 24 de carretera Iberia–Iñapari, 1 June 1978, F. Encarnación 1168 (US). Prov. Tambopata, Dist. Puerto Maldonado, Com. Nativa de Infierno. Hermosa Chica. Centro Ñape, 12°50'S, 69°17'W, 260 m, 25 June 1991, V. Baca 181 (US, USM); • ibid., 13 Aug. 1990, M. Alexiades 1019 (NY, US, USM); • ibid., Las Piedras, 12°29'S, 69°03'W, 200 m, 28 July 1991, M.E. Timaná 1954 (US). • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, 8 km W of Puente Paucartambo, 1200 m, 27 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1130 (K, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Huancabamba, P.N. Yanachanga, El Huampal, 10°11'S, 75°34'W, 1200 m, 29 June 2003, H. Van der Werff 17870 (MO); • ibid., 10°10'58"S, 75°34'25"W, 1100 m, 23 July 2006, A. Montenegro et al. 12523 (HOXA); • ibid., 10°11'S, 75°34'W, 1200 m, 1 July 2003, H. van der Werff et al. 17923 (HOXA, US); • ibid., Camino a Pozuzo, 10°04'02"S, 75°32'59"W, 1200–1480 m, 2 June 2004, R. Rojas et al. 2558 (HOXA, USM); • ibid., Dist. Oxapampa, Carretera Oxapampa y Paucartambo, 10°55'51"S, 75°17'08"W, 730 m, 11 June 2003, R. Rojas et al. 1145 (HOXA); • ibid., Dist. Palcazú, Com. Nativa Loma Linda, 334 m, 19 July 2007, E. Becerra 1575 (AMAZ, HOXA, HUT, MO, MOL, USM); • ibid. Dist. Pozuzo, 2000 ft, 20–22 June 1923, J.F. Macbride 4643 (F, US); • ibid., Dist. Villa Rica, along road Chatarra–Cacazu, 10°32'S, 75°04'W, 890 m, 13 July 2003, H. van der Werff et al. 18433 (HOXA, US, USM). • San Martin: Entre Cinchono y Boquerón, 15 Aug. 1946, R. Ferreyra 1115 (US, USM). Prov. Lamas, Vicinity of Shanusi, 38 km SW of Yurimaguas, 250 m, 12 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1048 (K, US); Prov. Moyobamba, 1835, A. Mathews 1535 (K). Prov. Tocache, Dist. Uchiza, Tingo María–Tocache Nuevo road, valley of Río Huallaga, 10°04'02"S, 75°32'59"W, 500 m, 6 April 1984, T.B. Croat 57968 (US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Tocache, Tocache Nuevo, 350–400 m, 22 June 1974, J. Schunke V. 6985 (F, US, USM); • ibid., Fundo “Cucareland”, (Río Cañuto), 500–520 m, 12 May 1979, J. Schunke V. 10962 (US); • ibid., Río Cañuto, cerca de Tananta, 500–520 m, 2 June 1980, J. Schunke V. 11763 (US, USM); • ibid., Quebrada de Huaquisha, 400–500 m, 3 Dec. 1980, J. Schunke V. 12436 (F, JRBJ, K, NA, U, US, USM). • Ucayali: Cerro de Canchyuaya, Río Ucayali, 135 m, 30 July 19300, S. McDaniel 2583 (US); • ibid., 30 July 1970, S. McDaniel 14146 (F, US, USM). Prov. Atalaya, Com. Nativa Yaminahua–Raya, saliendo de Atalaya. 10°19'51"S, 72°58'08"W, 250 m, 25 June 2000, H. Beltrán & R. Retejo 3528 (USM). Prov. Coronel Portillo, Cordillera Azul, km 64, Tingo María–Pucallpa road, 1 km E of Puente Cholon, 600 m, 4 June 1981, K. Young & G. Sullivan 690 (US); • ibid., Lower Boquerón del Padre Abad, 480 m, 25 July 1964, P.C. Hutchison et al. 6045 (F, K, P, US, USM); • ibid., near Perú–Brasil border, quebrada Sapallal, tributary of Quebrada Shesha, base of Cerro Las Cachoeiras, 08°02'S, 73°55'W, 260 m, 19 June 1987, Al. Gentry & C. Diaz 58458 (BRIT, USM); • ibid., Dist: Iparia. falda del Cerro Ariapo, cuencas de los Ríos Iparia y Ariapom, Reserva Comunal el Sira, 9°27'S, 74°33'W, 1550–1600 m, 20 Sept. 2010, J.G. Graham 5972 (US), 5993 (MOL, US). Prov. Padre Abad, Dist. Padre Abad, Cuenca del Río Aguaytia, Quebrada Chesman cerca del Boquerón del Padre Abad, margen izquierda del Río Yurac, 350–400 m, 7 Feb. 2004, J. Schunke & J. Graham 15824 (F, MOL, USM); Vecindad de Aguaytia, 1 July 1960, M. Mathias & D. Taylor 5073 (F, USM); Prov. Purús, Dist. Purús, al lado del Río Purús, cerca Comunidad Nativa de Miguel Grau, 220 m, 1 July 2002, J.G. Graham 1596 (US); • ibid., Río Curanja, cerca la comunidad nativa colombiana, 10°4'S, 71°6'W, 300–350 m, 3 July 2002, J.G. Graham & J. Schunke Vigo 1602 (US); ibid, Río Curanja, cerca Com. Nativa de Colombiana, 10°4'S, 71°6'W, 300–350 m, 14 July 1998, J. Graham 584 (F, US).
Lectotypification.
MA-817205 is somewhat arbitrarily selected as the lectotype of Diantheraappendiculata as it has the original annotation of Diantheraappendiculata and is marginally the better specimen.
Justicia
tumbesiana
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
10.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood sp. nov.
3DABF4A8-B082-5F97-BE1F-9DD1BB9FC1C3
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363410-1
Type.
Peru • Tumbes, Prov. Zarumilla, Dist. Matapalo, entre P.C. “El Caucho” y P.C. “Campoverde”. Bosque Nacional de Tumbes. Reserva de Biósfera del Noroeste, 3°50'29"S, 080°15'33"W, 720 m, 24 July 1992, Camilo Díaz S., H. Horna & A. Peña Cruz 5081 (holotype MO-04651117, isotypes MEXU, MOL, US, USM – 3 sheets).
Diagnosis.
Bears an obvious superficial resemblance to Justiciaappendiculata in the large, dark, sometimes reddish inflorescence bracts and the tubular red, pubescent corolla but leaves broadly oblong-elliptic (not narrowly oblong-elliptic), the inflorescence shorter, to 10 cm long (not up to 15 cm), the lateral branches subsessile (not clearly pedunculate), the floral bracts prominent, oblanceolate, up to 10 mm long (not inconspicuous, ovate c. 2–3 mm long).
Description.
Shrub 3.5 m high; stem woody, bark pale brown, peeling, glabrous. Leaves subequal in each pair, petiolate, lamina 8–18 × 3.5–8 cm, broadly oblong-elliptic, apex very shortly acuminate, base cuneate and shortly decurrent, margin crenulate, both surfaces glabrous with abundant small cystoliths, abaxially paler, slightly glaucous, the venation highlighted-white, lateral veins 8 pairs; petioles 0.7–5 cm. Inflorescence of short axillary spikes up to 10 cm long and 3 cm wide (excluding expanded corolla), peduncles c. 1.5–2.5 cm, scurfy; rhachis bifariously scurfy; inflorescence bracts 4–5 × 1–2 cm, narrowly obovate, dark coloured, glabrous; flowers arising in short opposite spikes of indeterminate form borne on a puberulent lateral branch up to 1 cm long, superficially appearing verticillate; floral bracts 1 × 2–4 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, puberulent, often purplish; bracteoles 7 × 1 mm, oblong, puberulent; pedicels c. 1 mm, puberulent; calyx 5-lobed, lobes 5 × 1 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, puberulent; corolla 3 cm long, orange, pubescent with gland-tipped hairs, subcylindrical, tube gradually widened from 1 mm at base to 5 mm after c. 18 mm, upper lip 12 mm long, entire, lower lip c. 12–13 mm long, 3-lobed, lobes oblong, 4 × 2 mm, obtuse; filaments c. 22 mm long, pilose below, anther thecae oblong, c. 2.5 × 0.5 mm, glabrous, lower with a basal appendage, parallel, slightly superposed; pollen prolate, 40–55 × 25 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of 6–7 insulae on either side of aperture with a second row sometimes grading into peninsulae (Fig. 49D); style thinly pilose below, glabrous above; ovary narrowly ovoid, c. 2.5 mm high, black, glabrous. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 13.
JusticiatumbesianaA habit B detail of abaxial surface of leaf C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla opened out to show stamens G anther H ovary and style base. Drawn from Diaz et al. 5081 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is named Justiciatumbesiana after Tumbes region, where it is the only recorded species in the genus. The Bosque Nacional de Tumbes in the Reserva de Biósfera del Noroeste is an isolated area of woodland near the Pacific Ocean in Peru’s otherwise arid coastal region.
Phenology.
Found in flower in July.
Habitat.
Woodland at 720 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Tumbes in Peru and only known from the type collection. Fig. 56.
Material examined.
Peru • Tumbes: Only known from the type collection.
Justicia
pelianthia
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
11.
Leonard, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 31: 591. 1958. (Leonard 1958: 591)
0B537C50-19B6-5DBE-90A1-3D7AAE498F22
Type.
Colombia • Putumayo, between Quebrada de la Hormiga and San Antonio de Güamués, 330 m, J. Cuatrecasas 11157 (holotype US-00137141, isotypes COL-00004518, F-0047446F).
Description.
Subshrub, stems bifariously strigose. Leaves petiolate, lamina 8–21 × 4–9 cm, oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, base attenuate and decurrent onto a petiole up to 3.5 cm long, both surfaces glabrous except for the strigose veins; petioles 1–6 cm, strigose. Inflorescence a compact terminal panicle up to 16 cm long and wide, over-topped by the leaves, composed of short lax spikes, these strigose with golden hairs; bracts 7–10 × 1.25 mm, lanceolate; bracteoles similar; calyx 12–15 mm long, deeply 5-lobed, puberulent; corolla up to 6.5 cm long, red to purple, glandular-pubescent, upper lip 3.3 cm long, emarginate, lower lip 3.5 cm long, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes 3–4 mm long; anther thecae broadly oblong, 2 × 1.25 mm, strongly superposed, lower with minute basal appendage; pollen perprolate, 69–77 × 33 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 9–12 insulae and a second ill-defined row of peninsulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 49C); ovary glabrous. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 14A–D.
JusticiapelianthiaA habit B bracts, bracteoles and calyx C bract D corolla. JusticiasanchezioidesE inflorescence F bracts with detail of cystoliths on surface and indumentum G bract with detail of venation H corolla and stamens. JusticiasiraensisI inflorescence J bracts K calyx L corolla. A, D drawn from Klug 1429 by Cathy Pasquale E, H drawn from Schunke 4809 by Alice Tangerini I, L drawn from Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 529 by Alice Tangerini.
Habitat.
Lowland, primary rainforest on clay/lateritic soils, 100–150 m.
Phenology.
Mainly June to August but this may reflect seasons with accessibility to collectors.
Distribution.
Loreto region of Amazonian Peru and neighbouring Putumayo in Colombia. A new record for Peru. Fig. 57.
Material examined.
Peru • Loreto (all from the Iquitos region) : Timbuchi, Río Nanay, June–July 1929, Ll. Williams 861a (F). Prov. Maynas, Quebrada Sucusari, Camp. Llachapa, N side of Río Napo below Mazán, 140 m, 6 Nov. 1979, Al. Gentry et al. 27592 (MO, US); • ibid., Dist. Iquitos, Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 m, Oct.–Nov. 1929, G. Klug 73 (F, US); • ibid., May–June 1930, G. Klug 1429 (F, US); • ibid., Iquitos, 100 m, 3–11 Aug. 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 27116 (US); • ibid., Iquitos, trail from Picura (lower Río Nanay) to Río Mazán, 19 May 1978, S. McDaniel et al. 21499 (US); • ibid., Río Amazonas, c. 10 km below mouth of Río Nanay, Trocha de Santa María de Ojeal, 14 June 1976, S. McDaniel et al. 20709 (MO, US); • ibid., Río Amazonas, ca 10 km below mouth of Río Nanay, trail from Santa María de Ojeal to Interior, 21 June 1976, M. Rimachi 2351 (US); • ibid., Dist. Alto Nanay, Pinto-Cocha on the Río Nanay, July 1929, Llewellyn Williams 799 (F).
Notes.
Justiciapelianthia and J.palaciosii Wassh. differ principally in the dimensions of the bracts and calyx but may prove to be conspecific. The older name, J.pelianthia is adopted here. Justiciapelianthia is also similar in facies to J.sanchezioides but the bracts are inconspicuous, only 5–10 mm long and the calyx shorter. Curiously there have been no records from Peru since 1979, suggesting either that there has been forest clearance where the plant grew or that there has been no recent field work in the area.
Justicia
sanchezioides
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
12.
Leonard, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 31: 572. 1958. (Leonard 1958: 572)
2E1A20B2-091F-5C1C-B662-93C5F21294AF
Type.
Colombia • Dept. Putumayo, Puerto Ospina, J. Cuatrecasas 10581 (holotype US-00137162, isotype COL-00004522, F-0047448F).
Description.
Subshrub up to 3 m high; stems glabrous or nearly so. Leaves large, lamina 9–28 × 2–8 cm, oblong-elliptic, acuminate to an obtuse apex, base attenuate and decurrent on the petiole, glabrous, lateral veins prominent, 10–15 pairs; petioles 0.5–3 cm. Inflorescence a compact terminal panicle of 1-several branched, hirsute spikes up to 12 cm long, hairs often golden; peduncles up to 2 cm; bracts 18–21 × 3–4 mm, oblong or lanceolate, thinly puberulent, bracteoles similar but only 1–2 mm wide; calyx 5-lobed, lobes 11–15 × 2 mm, lanceolate, acute, thinly pubescent; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, reddish, glandular-puberulent, tube 2–3 cm long, upper lip emarginate, lower lip shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes 4 × 3 mm; thecae superposed, oblong 2.5 × 1.25 mm, with a distinct basal appendage; pollen prolate, 58–68 × 34–35 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 2 rows of c. 7–9 insulae on either side of aperture but second row grading into peninsulae ovary glabrous (Fig. 49F, Kiel et al. 2018: 462). Capsule 20 × 4 mm, clavate, 4-seeded, minutely glandular; seeds rugose, lenticular.
Illustration.
Fig. 14E–H.
Habitat.
Lowland rainforest, often in gullies and by streams up to about 800 m.
Phenology.
Found in Flower from April to August.
Distribution.
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, somewhat scattered and disjunct in several parts of its distribution. Fig. 57.
Material examined.
Peru • Loreto: Prov. Maynas, southern side of Río Putumayo, near Puerto Leguizamo 0°11'38”–0°12'09"S, 74°47'16”–74°49'34"W, Suarez et al. 1314 (COAH). • San Martin: Prov. Tocache [Mariscal Cáceres], Tocache Nuevo–Juanjuí road, 89 km de Tocache Nuevo, 7°43'S, 76°40'W, 810 m, 23 July 1982, D.N. Smith 2148 (US); • ibid., Dist. Pólvora, Puerto Pizana (margen derecha del Río Huallaga) [8°01'S, 76°39'W], 10 April 1971, J. Schunke Vigo 4809 (COL, F, K, MO, USM); • ibid., Puerto Pizana, Río Huallaga [8°01'S, 76°39'W], 350 m, 4 June 1974, J. Schunke Vigo 6909 (F, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Chauyauyacu, cerca de Canuto, 10 Aug. 1979, 600 m, R. Ferreyra 19291 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Tocache [Nuevo], carretera al Río Tocache, 400 m, 2 Aug. 1969, J. Schunke Vigo 3278 (F, K, US, USM); • ibid., 14 April 1970, J. Schunke Vigo 3901 (F, K, US, USM); • ibid., Cerro de Palo Blanco, 15 km from Tocache Nuevo, 700–800 m, 15 July 1982, A. Meerow et al. 1009 (FLAS); • ibid., Quebrada Cachuyacu de Huaquisha, margen derecha del Río Huallaga, 17 May 1970, J. Schunke Vigo 3989 (F, K, US, USM); • ibid., camino a Santa Rosa, margen derecha del Río Mishollo, 350–370 m, 5 Aug. 1973, J. Schunke Vigo 6734 (F, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Quebrada de Yacu Sisa (camino a Shunté), 800–850 m, 18 July 1974, J. Schunke Vigo 7557 (US, USM); • ibid., Almendras camino a Pueblo Viejo, 400 m, 21 April 1975, J. Schunke Vigo 8194 (US); • ibid., Cerro de Palo Blanco, 450–600 m, 14 June 1978, J. Schunke Vigo 10236 (MO); • ibid., Palo Blanco, above Río Tocache, 500–550 m, 29 June 1978, T. Plowman & J. Schunke Vigo 7457 (COL, F, K, U, US, USM); • ibid., Trocha a Cañutillo, cerca Cerro Palo Blanco, 800–850 m, 6 May 1980, J. Schunke Vigo 11559 (MO, US); • ibid., Cachuyacu de Huaquisha, 500–600 m, 9 Dec. 1980, J. Schunke Vigo 12458 (BR, F, K, L, MO, NA, US, USM).
Note.
Leonard (1958) failed to note the similarity between Justiciasanchezioides and J.pelianthia. The former resembles a more robust bracteate version of the latter with larger flower parts, particularly the longer calyx.
The following plants from Huánuco may represent a distinct species. They differ by their large bracts 31–40 (–60) × 7–10 (–12) mm and anthers with a very short basal appendage.
Additional material examined.
Peru • Huánuco: Leoncio Prado, Dist. Hermilio Valdizan [9°56'59"S, 76°15'04"W], cerca de la Divisoria, 1500–1600 m, 21 June 1976, J. Schunke Vigo 9331 (F, MO, US); • ibid., La Divisoria, 9°56'59"S, 76°15'04"W, 1550 m, 17 April 1976, T. Plowman 5919 (US).
Justicia
aphelandroides
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
13.
(Mildbr.) Wassh., Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard 45: 1253. 1993. (Wasshausen 1993: 1253)
1E2EECFE-5D2B-5E90-9D6A-E6CE32090839
Jacobinia aphelandroides Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 989. 1926. (Mildbraed 1926: 989) Type. PERU. Upper Marañón, Tessmann 4222 (holotype B†, photo of holotype F0BN008903, isotype MO-3345889, not seen).
Type.
Based on Jacobiniaaphelandroides Mildbr.
Description.
Herb 2 m high, stems stout, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, lamina 20–25 × 5–7 cm, narrowly obovate, apex shortly acuminate, gradually tapered to a cuneate base, margin entire; petioles 1–1.5 cm. Inflorescence of simple terminal spikes c. 7 cm long; peduncles 5 cm; bracts 7–8 × 4 mm (c. twice as long as broad), ovate, finely acuminate; bracteoles similar but smaller, 6 × 2.5 mm; calyx subequally 5-lobed to 2 mm above base, lobes 8.5–9.5 × 1.5 mm, minutely puberulent; corolla pink, papillate, tube 3.5–4 cm long, lips subequal, 2.2–2.5 cm long, upper lip lanceolate, emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes c. 2 mm long, lanceolate; pollen prolate-perprolate, 63–74 × 29–39 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, ≈ 3 rows of solid insulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 49E). Capsule and seeds not seen.
Phenology.
Found in flower October.
Habitat.
Lowland, rainforests, 160–275 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Amazonas region. Fig. 57.
Material examined.
Peru • Amazonas: Prov. Bagua, Río Marañón, mouth of Río Santiago, 250–275 m, 14–15 Oct. 1962, J.J. Wurdack 2245 (F, K, USM).
Notes.
Similar to Justiciaelegantissima (Lindau) Wassh. but the calyx lobes subequal and much shorter.
Only known from two collections, the most recent in 1962. Further exploration in the Río Santiago zone is needed to confirm the continued presence of this species as the surroundings of the Santiago river have been degraded by illegal mining.
Justicia
rauhii
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
14.
Wassh. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 63: 428. 1988. (Wasshausen 1988: 428)
E0B50ED9-D6EE-5BD0-AA65-2A8B6B13250B
Type.
Peru • Cusco, [Prov.] Paucartambo, Dist. Kosñipata, along roadside 3 km E of Atalaya, 9 km N of Pilcopa, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 579 (holotype US-00074193).
Description.
Subshrub 1 m high. Leaves petiolate, lamina 11–23 × 4–8 cm, oblong-elliptic, tapered and distinctly acuminate at both ends; petiole 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3 dense, reddish, terminal spikes 4.5–7.5 cm long; rhachis pubescent with glandular hairs; bracts 7–10 × 3 mm, indurate, oblong, acute, c. 3 times as long as broad; bracteoles similar but narrower; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes 9–10 × 1–1.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, yellow, papillate, tube c. 20 mm long, ± equalling lips, lower lip shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, c. 2 mm long; anther thecae oblong, 3 × 0.75 mm, nearly parallel, strongly superposed, lower with white basal appendage; pollen prolate, 47 × 36 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate with 1 row and a partially developed second row of insulae on either side of the aperture (Wasshausen 1988: 427). Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 12; Wasshausen 1988: 422, I–K.
Phenology.
Although found in flower in February and October, flowering is principally in the June to August period.
Habitat.
Lowland rainforest, 400–760 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to southern Peru in Cusco and Madre de Dios. Fig. 58.
Material examined.
Peru • Cusco: Prov. Paucartambo, Dist. Kosñipata, lumber Trail north of Pilcopata, 580 m, 27 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 586 (K, US); • ibid., Kosñipata [Pilcopata], Fundo Santa Alicia, 13°05'S, 71°10'W, 700 m, 3 Feb. 1985, A. Tupayachi 2 (MO, US), • ibid., Pilcopata-Atalaya, 450–550 m, 5 Aug. 1956, C. Vargas 11291 (CUZ, US); • ibid., 760 m, 4 June 1964, C. Vargas 15516 (US); • ibid., along roadside 3 km E of Atalaya, 9 km N of Pilcopata, 600 m, 26 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 608 (US); • ibid., along lumber Trail N of Pilcopata, 580 m, 27 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 609 (US). • Madre de Dios: Prov. Manu, P.N. Manu, Quebrada Fierro, first significant tributary of Río Manu upriver from Tayakome, 11°22'S, 71°58'W, 400 m, July 1988, G. Shepard 2043 (F); • ibid., Río Sotileja, 11°40'S, 71°55'W, 400 m, 8 Oct. 1986, R. Foster & B. d´Achille 11692 (F); • ibid., Dist. Fitzacarrald, Com. Nat. Yomibato, across river from Oscar´s new garden, 13 July 1996, G. Shepard 995 (USM).
Justicia
siraensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
15.
Wassh., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 108B: 171. 2006[May 2007]. (Wasshausen 2007: 171)
B4BE24EE-231F-5B37-9791-20CF202777D1
Type.
Peru • Huánuco, Prov. Pachitea, Pucallapa region, Sira Mountains, 9°29'S, 74°50'W, 300–360 m, 15 July 1988, B. Wallnöfer 14-15788 (holotype W (not seen), isotype US-00902118).
Description.
Subshrub 2–2.5 m high; stems glabrous below, bifariously scurfy-puberulent above. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina 10–20 × 3.5–7 cm, broadly oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, apex acute to shortly acuminate, base attenuate, ± glabrous; petioles 0.5–1 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3 dense, terminal spikes, 3–10 cm long, these simple or forked; peduncles 1–2 cm, rhachis puberulent; bracts 6.5–9 × 2 mm, often indurate, narrowly linear-lanceolate, ciliolate; bracteoles 6 × 1–1.5 mm; calyx subequally 5-lobed, lobes 9–10 × 1 mm, narrowly lanceolate, ciliolate; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, red, papillate, tube 2.5–3 cm, upper lip 1.8–2 cm, minutely notched, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes c. 2 mm long, rounded, cuculate; anther thecae oblong, 1.2 mm long, parallel, weakly superposed, both with a basal appendage; pollen prolate, 50 × 29 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 6–7 insulae on either side of aperture. Capsule 14–15 × 2.9–3.6 mm, clavate, 4-seeded.
Illustration.
Figs 14I–L, 15; Wasshausen 2007: 172.
Photographs of Justiciasiraensis by Rosa Villanueva.
Phenology.
Found in flower in January and February and from June to August.
Habitat.
Rainforest in the Andean foothills 300–1500 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru, occurring in scattered locations from Cusco north to San Martin. Fig. 58.
Material examined.
Peru • Ayacucho: Prov. La Mar, Trail between Santa Rosa and Sanabamba, 700 m, 9 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 529 (US). Cusco: Prov. La Convención, Dist. Echarate, Río Manguriari, Alto Urubamba, 12°47'S, 72°40'W, 750 m, 2 Feb. 1991, P. Nuñez et al. 12947 (MO); • ibid., Alto Manguriari, 700 m, 4 Aug. 1990, G. Ortiz 4 (CUZ027839). • Huánuco: Prov. Puerto Inca [Pachitea], Dist. Honoria, Miel de Abejas, Río Pachitea, 300–400 m, 19 July 1967, J. Schunke Vigo 2123 (F, HOXA, K, US, USM). • Junín: Prov. Satipo, Dist. Río Tambo, sector Shimabenzo, Feb. 2012, J.L. Marcelo Pena 6350 (MOL); • ibid., Com. Nat. Pichiquia, Parque Nacional Otishi, 11°22'12"S, 74°22'19"W, 1348 m, 13 July 2013, L. Valenzuela et al. 25086 (HOXA, USM). • Loreto: Prov. Ucayali, Dist. Pampa Hermosa, Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul. Sector Shanshuico, 7°20'54"S, 76°00'33"W, 421 m, R. Vásquez et al. 41728 (USM, HOXA). • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Pozuzo, Alto Lagarto a Pozuzo Alto Victoria, 10°07'09"S, 75°29'25"W, 1500 m, 29 June 2008, R. Rojas & G. Ortiz 5846 (HOXA, MO, USM); • ibid., Dist. Palcazú, Com. Nat. Alto Lagarto-Convento (Reserva Comunal Yanesha), 10°08'04"S, 75°22'06"W, 500 m, 30 July 2014, R. Rojas & G. Ortiz 9355 (HOXA, HUT). • San Martin: Prov. Mariscal Cáceres, Dist. Campanilla, Cachihuañusca, 21 Aug. 1970, J. Schunke Vigo 4285 (F, US); • ibid. Dist. Juan Jui, Alto Río Huallaga, 400–800 m, Jan. 1936, G. Klug 4202 (BM, F, K. U, US, USM).
Note.
Differs somewhat unsatisfactorily from Justiciarauhii principally by the red corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long.
Justicia
beckii
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
16.
Wassh & J.R.I.Wood, Kew Bull. 58(4): 820. 2003. (Wasshausen and Wood 2003: 820)
CF949DF0-1A79-52F0-BBE1-EBCDAFC06F43
Type.
Bolivia • Caranavi, D.C. Wasshausen & J.R.I. Wood 2152 (lectotype US-00811134, designated here, isolectotypes K, LPB, US-00731151).
Description.
Shrub 1.5–2 m high; stems erect, glabrescent. Leaves with lamina 6.5–28 × 2.5–11 cm, oblong-elliptic to obovate, attenuate at both ends, entire, glabrous except for the minutely scurfy-puberulent veins beneath. Inflorescence a terminal panicle formed of shortly pedunculate spikes arising from the axils of the uppermost leaves; spikes 3–18 cm long; flowers imbricate; bracts 5–6 × 4–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse or shortly acute, rufous-scurfy-pubescent and coarsely ciliate; calyx 5-lobed to just above the base, lobes 7–9 mm × 0.75–1 mm, one slightly larger than the others, linear-lanceolate, scurfy-pubescent; corolla 2.6–4 cm long, salmon-red, covered in numerous sessile glands, the lips 8–12 mm long, the upper lip entire, slightly hooded, lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes 1.5 × 1 mm, oblong-ovate, rounded; anther thecae 1.75 × 0.5 mm, oblong, glabrous with a white basal appendage c. 0.5 mm long, superposed, parallel; pollen prolate, 2-aperturate, colporate, 2–3 rows of insulae on either side of the aperture, sexine reticulate (Wasshausen and Wood 2003: 811).
Illustration.
Wasshausen and Wood 2003: 822.
Distribution.
Andes of northern Bolivia and extreme south of Peru. Fig. 58.
Material examined.
Peru • Puno: Prov. Sandia, along Río Tambopata between San Juan del Oro and San Ignacio, 1100 m, 8 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & A. Salas 1228 (US).
Lectotypification.
There are two sheets of Wasshausen & Wood 2152 at US annotated as holotype, so to avoid uncertainty we are designating US-00811134 as lectotype as this was the sheet used in the preparation of the original description.
Note.
Closely related to J.aphelandroides, J.siraensis and J.rauhii. All four species share a very similar inflorescence with a long tubular corolla covered in very small, subsessile glands. Curiously, the fruit are not known from any of them except J.siraensisJusticiabeckii has a dark red corolla, which is shorter than in the other species, being only 2.6 to 4 cm in length. Additionally, the bracts are distinctive in the four species. J.beckii has elliptic bracts, c. 6 mm long, which are scarcely longer than broad and with an obtuse or shortly acute apex. In J.rauhii and J.siraensis the bracts are oblong or lanceolate, acute, up to 10 mm long and at least three times as long as broad. In J.aphelandroides the bracts are ovate, about twice as long as broad and terminate in a long fine point. J.rauhii has yellow flowers.
Species 17-19. The Chaetothylax clade. Species in this clade are characterised by 2-aperturate pollen, 4-lobed calyx and very strongly superposed anther thecae. The corolla tube is relatively slender, cylindrical and clearly longer than the corolla lips.
Justicia
radicans
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 137. 1804. (Vahl 1804: 137)
02405F58-E945-552F-9FE7-8C5D342EF5B1
Dianthera ciliata Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.1: 12. 1798. (Ruiz and Pavón 1798: 12) non Justiciaciliata Jacq. (1772). Type. PERU. Ruiz & Pavon, s.n. (lectotype MA-815493, designated here, isolectotypes BM-000992617, OXF-00194390). Beloperone soukupii Standl. & F.A. Barkley, Madroño 9: 152. 1950 (Standley and Barkley 1950: 152). Type. PERU. Huánuco, 10 km downstream from Tingo María, 630 m, 28 Oct. 1938, H.E. Stork & O.B. Horton 9532 (holotype F-0040523F, isotypes G-00236204, K-000529475, NA-0026193, UC-647116). Justicia soukupii (Standl. & F.A.Barkley) V.A.W. Graham, Kew Bull. 43(4): 604. 1988. (Graham 1988: 604), syn. nov.
Type.
Based on Diantheraciliata Ruiz & Pav.
Description.
Perennial herb usually 0.5–1 m high; stems thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, lamina 5–12 (–16) × 2–3.5 (–6) cm, oblong-elliptic, apex strongly mucronate, base narrowly cuneate, decurrent, glabrous, petioles mostly 1–1.5 cm. Inflorescence of short axillary and terminal foliose spikes, mostly c. 2 cm long but the terminal sometimes reaching 5 cm; peduncles 0–2 cm; floral bracts oblong to oblong-elliptic, conspicuously apiculate, 12–15 × 1.5–2.5 mm; bracteoles subulate c. 5 mm long; calyx subequally 4-lobed to base, the linear subulate, ciliolate, c. 10 mm long; corolla 1.8–2.5 mm long, white, lilac or pink, pubescent, lower lip deflexed, “herring bone” patterning present, shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, 1–2 mm long; thecae strongly superposed, the upper oblong-elliptic c. 1 × 0.5 mm, the lower separated by 1–1.5 mm, poorly developed; pollen perprolate, 37–40 × 23–25 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, reticulum with large circular elements forming 1 row of 7–8 insulae on each side of aperture (Fig. 50A). Capsule 7–8 mm, clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds rugose.
Illustration.
JusticiaradicansA habit B bract C calyx and bracteoles D corolla with stamens and separated thecae. Drawn from Wasshausen 476 by Cathy Pasquale.
Photographs of Justiciaradicans (Villanueva 928) by Rosa Villanueva.
Phenology.
Found in flower through much of the year but principally between May and September.
Habitat.
Open, often disturbed Andean woodland, especially forest margins, from about 300 to around 1800 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru and frequent on the eastern Andean slopes from San Martin south to Cusco. Fig. 59.
Material examined.
Peru • Ayacucho: Prov. La Mar, Río Marantari, below Santa Rosa Bridge, 580 m, 28 May 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 476 (K, MO, US, USM). Cusco: Prov. La Convención, entre Potrero and Idma [Itma], 1050–1500 m, 19 April 1953, C. Vargas 10596 (CUZ); • ibid., Río Mapituriani, opposite Hac. Luisiana, Cuenca Río Apurimac, 1000 m, 14 Sept. 1976, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 647 (K, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Santa Ana, subcuenca Chuyapi, Poromate, 12°55'43"S 72°47'30"W, 1800–2300 m, 17 Sept. 2002, L. Valenzuela et al. 461 (CUZ, HOXA, HUT, MO). • Huánuco: Fundo Naranjillo, cerca de Tingo Maria, 700–750 m, 6 Aug. 1947, R. Ferreyra 2203 (US, USM). • Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo [Tarma], Dist. San Ramón, 3000 ft, Aug. 1945, C. Sandeman 4964 (K, OXF); • ibid., saliendo de Lourdes de Oxabamba, 11°03'47"S, 75°24'22.1"W, 1096 m, 3 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 928 (HOXA); • ibid., Satipo–La Merced, 6 km W of Pichanaki, 69 km E of La Merced, 850 m, 26 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1122 (K, MO, US); • ibid., 6 km S of Vitoc, along road from San Ramón to Pucara, 1100 m, 28 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1139 (K, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Satipo–La Merced, 4.3 km W of Río Pichinaki, 10°58'S, 74°58'W, 8 June 1998, T. Croat & M. Sizemore 81965 (MO); • ibid., Santuario Nacional de Pampa Hermosa, 10°59'S, 75°25'W, 1400–1900 m, 14 March 2017, S. Riva et al. 122 (MSM). • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, 2 km W of Puente Paucartambo, 800 m, 27 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1129 (K, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Pozuzo, P.N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, Humpal, 10°10'58"S, 75°34'25"W, 1100 m, A. Monteagudo et al. 12501 (MOL); • ibid., Dist. Huancabamba-Pozuzo, Cañón de Huancabamba, 10°10'S, 75°35'W, 30 June 1985, R. Foster et al. 10363 (MOL). Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Pozuzo, Yanachaga-Chemillén, sendero Robin Foster, 27 Aug. 2019, Azevedo et al. 147 (HOXA). • San Martin: Prov. Bellavista, Dist. Alto Biavo, Sector las Palmas, P. N. Cordillera Azul, puesto de Control 20 Mojarra, 07°25'26"S, 76°11'50.8"W, 772 m, 13 Sept. 2019, L. Valenzuela et al. 36844 (HOXA, USM). Prov. Huallaga, Mishquiyacu, cerca de Saposoa, 200–300 m, 29 Aug. 1948, R. Ferreyra 4639 (MO, US); • ibid., Saposoa, Centro Poblado de Shima, 450 m, Apr 2017, M. Quispe 29 (USM). Prov. Tocache [Mariscal Caceres], Dist. Tocache [Nuevo], Quebrada de Huaquisha, right bank of Río Huallaga, 16 May 1970, J. Schunke Vigo 3977 (K, US, USM); • ibid., 25 May 1970, J. Schunke Vigo 4014 (US, USM); • ibid., Fundo Porvenir, Río Huallaga, 3 Sept. 1970, J. Schunke Vigo 4316 (F, K, US, USM); • ibid., 400 m, 25 June 1974, J. Schunke Vigo 6998 (US); • ibid., 600–700 m, 27 March 1975, J. Schunke Vigo 8166 (US); • ibid., 500–600 m, 5 May 1975, J. Schunke Vigo 8385 (F, US); • ibid., Quebrada de Challauayacu, 480–500 m, 4 Feb. 1979, J. Schunke Vigo 10788 (MO); • ibid., Río Cañuto, cerca de Tanta, 500–520 m, 2 June 1980, J. Schunke Vigo 11760 (BR, JBRJ, US, USM); • ibid., Río de la Plata, fundo del Sr Manuel Gatica, 550–700 m, 12 Aug. 1980, J. Schunke Vigo 12155 (US); • ibid., Quebrada Cachiyacu de Huaquisha, 500–650 m, 5 Dec. 1980, J. Schunke Vigo 12446 (F, K, JBRJ, US, USM). Ucayali: Prov. Coronel Portillo, Dist. Calleria, Cuenca del Río Utiquinia, quebrada Espjoyacu, afluente de la quebrada Manuela, 7°56.67'S, 73°53.61'W, 300 m., 8 Sept. 2003, J.G. Graham 2637 (F, US, USM).
Notes.
The corolla resembles that of Justiciagoudotii V.A.W. Graham, but is typically longer, > 2 cm in length, the bracts oblong or elliptic, strongly apiculate, 8–15(–20) × 2–5(–8) mm (not lanceolate 4–6 mm long) conspicuously exceeding the 5-lobed calyx; leaves narrowly oblong-elliptic, 3–4 times as long as broad (not ovate-elliptic, 1.5–3 times as long as broad).
When describing Beloperonesoukupii, Standley & Barkley compared it with B.cochabambensis Rusby (=Justiciaramulosa), presumably being unaware of the existence of J.radicans and listed several characters which distinguish the two species, including the longer corolla and the broader more pilose bracts of J.ramulosa. J.radicans, in fact, largely replaces J.ramulosa in Peru.
J.G. Graham 2637 was collected in eastern Ucayali outside the main distributional range of Justiciaradicans (Fig. 59). It appears to be correctly identified but confirmation of its presence in this area is desirable.
Two specimens resemble J.radicans Vahl but are immediately distinguished from both by the long 5–7 mm acumen of the bracts (not 1–3 mm); additionally, the inflorescence is strictly terminal, not terminal and axillary as is usual in J.radicans and J.rusbyi.
Additional material examined.
Peru • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Pozuzo, Puesto de Vigilancia Huampal, 10°11'S, 75°34'W. 1100 m, 11 Aug. 2003, R. Rojas et al. 1178 (MO); • ibid., P.N, Yanachaga-Chemillen, Puesto de Control. Huampal, 10°11'09"S, 75°34'12"W, 1300 m, 21 July 2006, A. Monteagudo et al. 12491 (MO).
Justicia
ramulosa
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
18.
(Morong) C. Ezcurra, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 25: 350. 1988. (Ezcurra 1988: 350)
14CD6FD1-5E61-5D87-87B5-FF8A10A5D7F0
Beloperone ramulosa Morong, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 194. 1893. (Morong and Britton 1893: 194) Type. PARAGUAY. Asunción, T. Morong 706 (holotype NY-00049760, isotypes BM-000549630, E-00104467, G-00102437, G-00102438, GH-00093738, K-000529297, MICH-1104016, MO-716370, NY-00311808, NY-00049760, PH-00102437, US-00478559). Beloperone tetramerioides Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 488. 1895. (Lindau 1895: 488) Type. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Río Yapacani, Kuntze s.n. (presumed holotype B†, photo of holotype F0BN008948, isotypes NY-00311811, NY-00311812 US-00137238). Justicia tetramerioides (Lindau) V.A.W.Graham, Kew Bull. 43: 604. 1988. (Graham 1988: 604) Beloperone velascana Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 489. 1895. (Lindau 1895: 489) Type. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Velasco, Kuntze s.n. (presumed holotype B†, isotype NY-00311813). Justicia magentea V.A.W.Graham, Kew Bull. 43: 603. 1988. (Graham 1988: 603) Type. Based on Beloperonevelascana Lindau. Beloperone cochabambensis Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6(1): 103. 1896. (Rusby 1896: 103) Type. BOLIVIA, Chapare, M. Bang 1215 (holotype NY-00038821, isotypes BM-000992618, E-00104448, F-0077564F, G-00236359, GH-00093731, K-000529355, M-0186151, MICH-1104013, MO-716325, MIN-1000417, NY-00278982, NY-00278983, PH-00007757, S-03-2309, US-00137222, US-02880383, W-1892-000905, WIS-v0256364WIS). Justicia cochabambensis (Rusby) V.A.W.Graham, Kew Bull. 43: 603. 1988. (Graham 1988: 603) Beloperone pseudociliata Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 1159. 1927. (Mildbraed 1927: 1159) Type. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Buenavista, Jose Steinbach 7137bis (holotype B†, photo of holotype F0BN008938, isotypes BM-000992622, CAS-0005294, E-00346891, F-0077569F, G-00236206, G-00236361, K-000529353, MO-1403186, NY-00311807, PH-00007731, S-03-2306, U-0143634, UC-306463, US-01948831). Justicia pseudociliata (Mildbr.) V.A.W.Graham, Kew Bull. 43: 603. 1988. (Graham 1988: 603)
Type.
Based on Beloperoneramulosa Morong
Diagnosis.
Very similar to Justiciaradicans, most obviously differing in the larger, dark reddish or magenta corolla 2.5–3.5 cm in length. Additional differences lie in the leaves, which are commonly rather abruptly narrowed at the base, in the bracts which are broader (to c. 8 mm), more conspicuously ciliate with white hairs and with apex merely apiculate. The corolla is larger in all parts, the lobes of the lower lip c. 3 × 3 mm. Also distinctive are the thecae, the lower not being separated by a gap from the upper and appearing to be fully developed.
Illustration.
Fig. 18.
Photographs of Justiciaramulosa by Rosa Villanueva. Note characteristic dark red colour of the corolla.
Phenology.
Found in flower in May and June.
Habitat.
(in Peru). Humid forest 350–1900 m.
Distribution.
Frequent in parts of northern Argentina, Paraguay, southern Brazil and Bolivia, just entering the southernmost departments of Peru. Fig. 59.
Material examined.
Peru • Madre de Dios: Prov. Tahuamanu, km 32 Ibreria–Iñapari, 30 May 1978, F. Encarnación 1165 (US). Prov. Manu, Parque Nacional de Manu, 350 m, 23 July 1979, R. Foster et al. 6823 (F). Prov. Tambopata, Dist. Tambopata, km 7 Otilia, 12°31'43.6"S, 75°12'41.4"W, 240 m, 17 Aug. 2002, J. Nina 6 (HAG). • Puno: Prov. Sandia, between Putina and San Ignacio, 1100 m, 19 June 1986, P. Nuñez & C. Muñoz 5150 (CUZ); • ibid., 1900 m, 9 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & A. Salas 1237 (K, US); • ibid., Dist. San Juan del Oro, 1350 m, 6 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & A. Salas 1201 (K, US); • ibid., Dist. Limbani, Oconeque, 2200 m, 9 June 1974, C. Vargas 22567 (CUZ).
Justicia
angustituba
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
19.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
19C53C44-4C74-518E-BB52-803887C96206
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363411-1
Type.
Peru • Cajamarca, Prov. San Ignacio Dist. Chirinos, Las Juntas, margen derecha del Río Tabaconas, 5°21'S, 78°46'W, 550–650 m, 3 Feb. 1996, J. Campos & O. Diaz 2380 (holotype F-2235748, isotypes MO-5297086, US-3387861, USM).
Diagnosis.
A new species resembling Justiciagoudotii but the leaves consistently smaller, 2–3 × 0.8–2.4 cm (not 4–12 × 1.5–6 cm), inflorescence terminal (not axillary and terminal), calyx shorter, 6–7 mm (not 8 mm long) and the capsule pubescent (not glabrescent).
Description.
Herb to c. 40 cm in height, stems at first decumbent and rooting, then erect, somewhat wiry below, crisped-pubescent above, glabrescent below. Leaves petiolate, small, lamina (1–) 2–3 × 0.8–2.4 cm, ovate, apex acute, base rounded and very shortly decurrent onto the petiole, cystoliths abundant adaxially, both surfaces pubescent but abaxially more densely so, paler, lateral veins 4–5 pairs; petioles 0.2–0.8 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of subsessile, few-flowered clusters terminal on the branches; peduncles 0–2 mm, hirsute; pedicels 1–2 mm; bracts 10 × 3 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, apex acuminate and acute, ciliate on margins and veins; bracteoles linear 3 × 0.5 mm; calyx 4-lobed to base, lobes 8–10 × 1 mm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly narrowed to base, hirsute; corolla c.1.5 cm long, pink, pubescent, tube c. 10 × 1 mm, slender, cylindrical, upper lip short, deltoid, hooded, subentire, c. 4 mm long, lower lip 3-lobed, the palate with white “herring bone” patterning, the lobes c. 6 × 2.5 mm, oblong, rounded; filaments 2 mm long, glabrous, anther thecae 1.25 × 0.5 mm, oblong, glabrous, lower held at right angles; pollen prolate, 50–54 × 29–30 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 2 rows of c. 8–12 of insulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 50B); ovary, glabrous. Capsule 10 × 3 mm, clavate, thinly pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds rounded, c. 2 mm diam., smooth, glabrous.
Illustration.
Fig. 19.
JusticiaangustitubaA habit B detail of stem C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla G anther H exterior of capsule valve J interior of capsule valve; K seed. Drawn from Campos & Diaz 2380 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is given the epithet “angustituba” because of its distinctively slender corolla tube.
Phenology.
Found in flower in February and June.
Habitat.
Secondary woodland, 450–650 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to San Ignacio Province in Cajamarca Department, Peru. Fig. 59.
Material examined.
Peru • Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, Dist. Chirinos, Las Juntas, the type collection; • ibid., Las Juntas, 5°22'48"S, 78°46'58"W, 450 m, 1 June 2000, R. Rojas et al. 0892 (MO).
Species 20–23. The Simonisia clade. Species with a 5-lobed calyx, smooth seeds, a pubescent capsule and long, slender bracts and bracteoles.
Justicia
riedeliana
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
(Nees) V.A.W. Graham, Kew Bull. 43(4): 605. 1988. (Graham 1988: 605)
F53B8CC1-4A83-51E8-9165-67B764D1E152
Simonisia riedeliana Nees, Flora Bras. 9: 145. 1847. (Nees 1847a: 145) Type. BRAZIL. Río Madeira, Riedel 1332 (lectotype GZU000250368, designated here, isolectotype LE?, n.v., NY-00278265, US-2880507, fragment). Chaetochlamys macrosiphon Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 490. 1895. (Lindau 1895: 490) Type. BOLIVIA. Between Cochabamba and Chimore, Kuntze s.n. (presumed holotype B†, photo of holotype FOBN008899, lectotype US-00137244 (Cat. No.701835), designated by Wasshausen and Wood 2004: 74, isolectotypes NY-00311862, NY-00311863). Justicia macrosiphon (Nees) V.A.W. Graham, Kew Bull. 43(4): 605. 1988. (Graham 1988: 605) Beloperone bangii Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot Club 6: 104. 1896. (Rusby 1896: 104) Type. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba, M. Bang 1224 (holotype NY-00278981, isotypes BM-000617754, BR-0000008424488, CAS-0000978, E-00346889, F-0077563F, GH-00093730, K-000529352, M-0186155, MO-716326, NY-00431317, PH-00007733, US-00478553, WIS-v0256365WIS).
Type.
Based on Simonisiariedeliana Nees
Description.
Subshrub 40–60 cm high, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, lamina mostly 7–15 × 3–6.5 cm, elliptic, apex shortly acuminate, base, abruptly narrowed then attenuate and decurrent on the petiole, lateral veins c. 7 pairs, glabrous; petioles up to 4 cm. Inflorescence of short dense axillary and terminal spikes, c. 3–5 cm long; bracts and bracteoles linear-setaceous 2.5–4 × 0.1 cm, puberulent; calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 14–17 × 1.5–2 mm, lanceolate, finely acuminate, puberulent; corolla pubescent, 2-lipped, basal cylindrical tube 30–40 × 2 mm, white, widened slightly in upper 5 mm, lips pink, upper lip lanceolate, commonly recurved, 10–15 mm long, lower lip with “herring bone” patterning, 3-lobed, 12–20 mm long, deeply 3-lobed, lobes obovate, rounded, 13–17 × 7–12 mm; anther thecae strongly superposed, 2 × 0.75 mm, separated by c. 1 mm, parallel, the lower with a short basal appendage. Capsule 20 × 6 mm, woody, puberulent, clavate, 4-seeded; seeds smooth.
Illustration.
Fig. 20C, D.
Photographs of A, BJusticiarusbyi (Villanueva 1062) Note relatively stout, characteristically bent corolla tube C, DJusticiariedeliana Note slender, straight, cylindrical corolla tube. A–B Rosa Villanueva, C–D Modesto Zarate.
Phenology.
Flowering from April to October.
Habitat.
Lowland rainforest up to c. 600 m.
Distribution.
Southern Amazon basin in Bolivia, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, where it is restricted to Madre de Dios and Ucayali. Fig. 60.
Material examined.
Peru • Madre de Dios: Explorer´s Inn, 39 km SW. of Puerto Maldonado, near the confluence of Río Tambopata and Río La Torre, 12°50'S, 69°20'W, 8 July 1987, S.F. Smith et al. 911 (US, USM); • ibid., Laguna Tres Chimbadas 1 km al Río Tambopata, 12°47.24'S, 69°19.95'W, 200 m, 9 July 1998 F.A. Michelangeli 472 (USM). Prov. Tambopata, road to Tambopata, N. of Puerto Maldonado, 250 m, 21 April 1977, Al. Gentry et al. 19577 (F, US); • ibid., small tributary of Río Madre de Dios, 1 hour below Puerto Maldonado, 250 m, 22 April 1977, Al. Gentry et al. 19651 (US); • ibid., Tambopata Nature Reserve, 12°49'S, 69°17'W, 260 m, 7 May 1980, P.J. Barbour 5164 (US); • ibid., along main trail to Lago Cocacocha, 280 m, 6 Oct. 1981, V.A. Funk 3327 (US); • ibid., Ríos Torre y Tambopata, 12°49'S, 69°40'W, 270 m, 21 July 1984, Al. Gentry et al. 51062 (US, USM); • ibid., 30 km by air SSW Puerto Maldonado at effluence of Río La Torre (Río D’Orbigny), Río Tambopata, 22 May 1986, V.A. Funk et al. 8102 (US); • ibid., Sonene, 12°33'36.5"S, 68°42'39.0"W, 200 m, 14 May 1999, P. Nuñez et al. 25751 (CUZ); • ibid., Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de Dios river, 167 m, 20 Sept. 2004, A. Maceda 1576 (BRIT); • ibid., Dist. Tambopata, 39 km, SW of Puerto Maldonado, 12°50'S, 69°20'W, 11 July 1987, S.F. Smith et al. 963 (F, K, U, US, USM); • ibid., Tambopata Nature Reserve, 12°15'S, 69°17'W, 260 m, 6 Oct. 1993, F. Cornejo et al. 1231(MOL); • ibid., El Castañal, 12°38'29.2’'S, 69°15'34"W, 240 m, 18 Aug. 2002, G. Gonzales 34 (HAG); • ibid., Isuyama, 12°37'S, 69°11'W, 220 m, 20 June 2003, A. Colquesaña 35 (HAG); • ibid., Dist. Las Piedras, Cuzco Amazónico, 12°29'S, 69°03'W, 14 Sept. 1991, M Timaná & A. Rubio 2271 (CUZ). • Ucayali: Prov. Coronel Portillo, Iparia, Cuenca del Río Iparia, afluente del Río Ucayali, 9°21'38"S, 74°29'23"W, 240 m, 25 July 2007, J.G. Graham & J. Schunke 4342 (MOL, US).
Lectotypifications.
Nees cited two collections as syntypes of Simonisiariedeliana, Riedel s.n from the Río Madeira and Poeppig s.n. from Maynas, both present in Nees’ own herbarium currently at GRAZ. Although the Poeppig specimen from Maynas is much the better of the two, Nees considered it as atypical commenting “specimen fructiferum bracteis bracteolisque maximis” contemplating treating it (in sched.) as "var. grandibractea. Consequently, it seems best to exclude this from consideration as lectotype. The cited locality (Maynas) is also odd as this species has not been rediscovered in Loreto or San Martin.
Justicia
sprucei
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
21.
V.A.W. Graham, Kew Bull. 43(4): 606. 1988. (Graham 1988: 606)
D6E544FC-4975-5F7A-801A-212C3412C8B2
Chaetochlamys ciliata Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier 5(8): 677. 1897. (Lindau 1897: 677) Type. BRAZIL. Para, Santorem, Spruce s.n. (holotype B†, photo of holotype F0BN008898, lectotype K-000529280, designated by Wasshausen and Wood (2004:77) with second step lectotypification here as the original lectotypification did not specify sheet, isolectotypes BM-000992629, E-00132480, K, NY-00311860, OXF-00009053).
Type.
Based on Chaetochlamysciliata Lindau
Description.
Herb reaching c. 1 m in height, stems bifariously puberulent. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina 6–15 × 2–4 cm, oblong, long-acuminate, base attenuate, glabrous except for the veins; petioles 0–12 mm. Inflorescence subcapitate arising from the uppermost leaf axils, the heads often restricted to a terminal pair subtended by reduced leaves; peduncles very short, 2–8 mm; bracts 12–15 × 2 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, long-ciliate with white hairs; bracteoles similar but narrower; calyx 5-lobed, lobes 8–10 × 1 mm, lanceolate, finely acuminate, ciliate; corolla c. 35 mm long, white to pale purple, puberulent, the tube c. 2.5 cm long with a slightly bulbous base, then narrowed to c. 2 mm before gradually widening after 15 mm, lower lip with rounded lobes 6–7 × 6–8 mm; anther thecae superposed, oblong, parallel, 3 × 1 mm, the lower with a short basal appendage. Capsule 15 × 3–4 mm, ellipsoid with a long sterile base; seeds glabrous, smooth.
Phenology.
Found in flower in May.
Habitat.
Lowland rain forest often near streams.
Distribution.
Amazonian Brazil extending southwards to Rondonia, northern Bolivia and southwestern Peru and northwards into French Guyana; apparently uncommon. A new record for Peru. Fig. 60.
Material examined.
Peru • Madre de Dios: Prov. Tahuamanu, km 62 carretera Iberia-Iñapari, cerca del aeropuerto, 25 May 1978, F. Encarnación 1152 (K, MO, US).
Note.
The few subcapitate, mostly terminal inflorescences with ciliate bracts are very distinctive.
Justicia
longibracteata
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
22.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
6D0C86AF-1902-521D-A6AC-87FB2CDA3B4E
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363412-1
Type.
Peru • [Loreto], “Prope Yurimaguas, ad flumen Huallaga, Peruviae orientalis,” May 1855, R. Spruce 3868 (holotype K-000202092 ex Herb Hooker, isotype K-000202093 ex Herb. Bentham, this additionaly labelled “in sylvis praecipue recontioribus”
Diagnosis.
Similar to Justiciamiguelii V.A.W.Graham but differing as follows: leaves clearly petiolate with petioles 2–4.5 cm (not subsessile or with petioles < 10 mm); bracts linear/subulate 5.5–7 cm long, 0.5–1 mm wide at base (not c. 3 cm long and 1–3 mm wide; calyx lobes longer and narrower, c. 17–21 × 1.5 mm, drawn out gradually to a fine point (not 15–17 mm long and 3 mm wide, abruptly narrowed and ± cuspidate apically); corolla shorter 5–5.5 cm long (not up to 7 cm long), clearly exceeded by the bracts (not clearly exceeding the bracts). Also, somewhat resembling J.riedeliana but distinguished by the different shaped corolla with a gradually widened tube (not subcylindrical), longer bracts and calyx lobes.
Description.
Subshrub 0.5–1.5 m in height; stems ± terete, obscurely bifariously crisped puberulent. Leaves equal in each pair, petiolate, lamina 6–17 × 3–6 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate and slightly decurrent, both surfaces subglabrous, adaxially with small cystoliths, abaxially the venation not very prominent with c. 6 lateral pairs, midvein puberulent when young, glabrescent; petioles 2–4.5 cm, glabrescent. Inflorescence of dense terminal spikes c. 8–12 cm long and 10 cm broad because of abundant linear bracts, the flowers imbricate; rhachis pubescent; peduncles 0–1.5 cm; bracts and bracteoles similar, 55–70 × 0.5–1 mm, linear, hirsute with long trichomes mixed with shorter trichomes; calyx 5-lobed to base, lobes erect, 17–21 × 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a long, fine apex, pubescent; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, pinkish-purple, pubescent in bud, tube 3 mm wide at base, gradually widened to c. 7 mm after 3.5 cm, 2-lipped, upper lip lanceolate, bifid, lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, rounded, c. 10 × 8 mm; anther thecae oblong, 1.5 × 0.5 mm, strongly superposed, glabrous, the lower with a basal appendage; ovary glabrous. Capsule and seed not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 21.
JusticialongibracteataA habit B bract C bracteole D calyx E Corolla opened out to show stamens F anther G ovary. JusticiamigueliiH inflorescence showing bracts and corolla. A–G drawn from Spruce 3868 H from Wood 18401 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is named “longibracteata” because of the exceptionally long bracts, which are its most distinctive feature.
Phenology.
Found in flower from May to October.
Habitat.
Lowland rainforest, c. 150–210 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Amazonian Peru and apparently restricted to the Yurimaguas area. Fig. 60.
Material examined.
Peru • Loreto: Prov. de Alto Amazonas, Dist. Yurimaguas, Yurimaguas, River Huallaga, the type; • ibid., Aug. 1902, E. Ule 6285 (K, L); • ibid. lower Río Huallaga, 155–210 m, Oct.–Nov. 1929, Ll. Williams 4094 (F); • ibid., 22 Oct. 1929, Ll. Williams 3900 (F); Prov. Requena, Dist. Requena, Requena, 200–207 m, Oct. 2008. M. Ocrospoma 084 (USM).
Justicia
rusbyi
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
23.
(Lindau) V.A.W. Graham, Kew Bull. 43(4): 605. 1988. (Graham 1988: 605)
80833814-671F-50A0-B67A-07477EBDBC30
Chaetochlamys rusbyi Lindau, Bull. Herb, Boissier 3: 491.1895. (Lindau 1895: 491) Type. BOLIVIA. [La Paz, Larecaja,] prope Guanai, H.H. Rusby 1117 (lectotype BM-000617757, designated here, isolectotypes F-007757F, K-00529479, MO-1999310, NY-0003882, NY-00038824, NY-00049762, US-000617757, US-00137245, US-02880667). Ruellia lanceolata Morong, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 193. 1893 (Morong and Britton 1893: 193), non Justicialanceolata (Chapman) Small. Type. PARAGUAY. Between Pirayu and Jaguaron, T. Morong 667 (holotype NY-00312333, isotypes F-0077595F, TEX-00373085, US-00432509). Beloperone matthewsii Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier 6, app. 1: 30. 1898. (Hassler 1898: 30). Type. PARAGUAY. Cordillera de Los Altos, E. Hassler 1936 (lectotype G, designated by Wasshausen and Wood (2004: 76) without barcode, second step lectotypification with barcode G-00102447, designated here, isolectotypes, G-00102445, G-00102446). Justicia matthewsii (Lindau) Rusby ex Dyer, Index Kew. 99. 1904. (Dyer 1904: 99)
Type.
Based on Chaetochlamysrusbyi.
Description.
Much branched subshrub commonly 30–130 cm high; young stems slightly glaucous, sulcate, bifariously pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina 4–14 × 2.5–5 cm, oblong-elliptic, acuminate at both ends, adaxially glabrous with conspicuous cystoliths, abaxially paler with 7–10 pairs of prominent side veins, glabrous or pubescent; petioles glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of flowers and flower clusters subsessile in the axils of the upper leaves; bracts lanceolate, finely acute, 6–17 × 3–5 mm, thinly ciliate, bracteoles similar, but narrower; calyx 5-lobed to base, lobes 15–20 × 2–3 mm, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, finely acuminate, pubescent, sometimes bristly-glandular in fruit; corolla 2.5–5 cm long, thinly glandular hirtellous, the tube white, commonly flexuose, relatively stout, c. 20–22 × 5–8 mm, limb deep pinkish-purple, the upper lip obovate, bifid, 10 mm long, the lower lip with “herring bone” patterning, broad, spreading, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes 15 × 10 mm, ovate, rounded; pollen subprolate, 2-aperturate (Graham 1988: 568). Capsule 17–22 × 5–8 mm, clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds smooth, 4 × 4 mm.
Illustration.
Fig. 20A, B.
Phenology.
Principally from February to July, very rarely outside these months.
Habitat.
Forest both moderately dry and humid, 100–1200 m.
Distribution.
Paraguay, southern Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. In Peru frequent on the eastern Andean slopes. Fig. 60.
Material examined.
Peru • Sin loc. McLean s.n. (K). • Ayacucho: Estrella, between Huanta and Río Apurímac, 500 m, 8–14 May 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 22648 (F, US). Prov. De La Mar, Dist. Ayna, between Machente and Rosario, c. 8 km E of Ayna, 1100 m, 4 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 512 (FLAS, K, MO, US); • ibid., Anco, Villa Unión, 8 km to the NNW of San Antonio, 12°52'45.9 “S 73°33'12.1"W, 938 m, 28 April 2007, J. Roque 5560 (USM). Cusco: Prov. La Convención, 20 Feb. 1940, 1200 m, C. Vargas 1822 (CUZ); • ibid., Dist. Echarate, Palma Real, Koribeni, 12°38'30"S, 72°49'45"W, 718 m, 16 July 2007, G. Calatayud et al. 4315 (MO); • ibid., Palma real a Koribeni, 750–850 m, 17 April 1966, C. Vargas 17324 (CUZ, US); • ibid., Río Picharí, 2 km E of Colonization Pichari, 620 m, 13 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 545 (K, US); • ibid., Cumpire-Quiteni, 740 m, 12 May 1987, L. van der Hoogte & C. Roersch 3142 (U); • ibid., Río Maguriari (Manguyari), Alto Urubamba, upstream to Río Manguriari, 12°47'S, 72°40'W, 750 m, 2 Feb. 1991, P. Nuñez & G. Ortiz 12929 (MO); • ibid., Alto Manguariari, 700 m, G. Ortiz 62 (CUZ-027898); • ibid., Quepashato, 12°39'47"S, 73°16'13"W, 800 m, 26 March, L. Valenzuela et al. 9439 (CUZ); • ibid., Dist. Quiteni, 12°38'28"S, 73°04'18"W, 600 m, 19 July 2004, W. Galiano et al. 6675 (CUZ). • Huánuco: Prov. Puerto Inca, Dist. Tournavista, Ganso Azul, Río Pachitea, 1500 ft, Oct. 1942, C. Sandeman 3318 (K). Prov. Leoncio Prado, Dist. Luyando, Tulumayo entre Tingo María y Divisoria, 700–750 m, 24 July 1948, R. Ferreyra 4336 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Tingo Maria, left bank of Río Huallaga, 700–800 m, 5 April 1976, T. Plowman 5818 (US, USM).Prov. Pachitea, Honoria, carretera Miel de Abejas, a 2 km. del campamento de Iparia, 300–400 m, 5 May 1967, J. Schunke 1926 (F, K, US, USM); • ibid., Ayamiria a 7 km del campamento de Iparia, 14 March 1967, J. Schunke 1778 (F, US, USM); • ibid., 11 April 1967, J. Schunke 1841 (US). • Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, río Chanchamayo valley, between San Ramón and Puente Paucartambo, 11°00'S, 75°20'W, 750 m, D. Smith et al. 1405 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Chanchamayo, Río Chanchamayo, Vic. La Merced, 750 m, 23 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1084 (K, US, USM); • ibid., La Merced, 2000 ft, 10–24 Aug. 1923, F. Macbride 5356 (US); • ibid., wooded valley, 700 m, 20 May–4 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 23449 (US); • ibid., Cañón del Río Colorado, 10 km N of La Merced, 10°59'S, 75°20'W, 800 m, 3 March 1991, Al Gentry & C. Diaz 73304 (MO); • ibid., Dist. Perené, Río Paucartambo Valley, near Perené Bridge, 700 m, 19 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25381 (P, US); • ibid., Dist. San Ramón, 750 m, 28 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1137 (K, MO, US, USM); • ibid., 11°07'17"S, 75°20'7.1"W, 772 m, 17 Aug. 2010, Xue-Jun Ge et al. 274 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Vitoc, cerca a Monobamba, 29 May 1983, M. Vargas & R. Fernandez 85 (US, USM). Prov. Satipo, Along road between La Merced and Satipo, vicinity of Río Negro at Ipoki steep cliffs E of Río Pichanaki, 11°10'38"S, 74°39'32"W, 1200 m, 10 June 1998, T. Croat & M. Sizemore 82012 (MO, US, USM). Loreto: Prov. Maynas, Dist. Alto Nanay, San Antonio, on Río Itaya, 110 m, 18 Sept. 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 29432 (F, US); • ibid., Dist. Punchana, Iquitos, Santa Maria de Ojeal, 19 Aug. 1973, S. McDaniel & M. Rimachi 17886 (US); • ibid., Dist. Mazán, trail from Río Amazonas to Río Napo at Mazán, 100–150 m, 16 April 1973, M. Rimachi 201 (US); • ibid., Dist. Indiana, Explorama Inn, 1 km S of Indiana, Río Amazonas, 03°30'S, 73°11'W, 130 m, 16 June 1986, Al. Gentry et al. 54575 (US); • ibid., Dist. Belén, Padre Isla, just below Iquitos, 1230 m, 22 May 1978, Al. Gentry et al. 22238 (MO). Prov. Ucayali, Dist. Pampa Hermosa, P. N. Cordillera Azul, Quebrada Yanayacu, 07°02'21"S, 75°48'36"W, 257 m, 25 May 2018, L. Valenzuela et al. 35264 (HOXA, MO, MOL, USM); • ibid., 07°21'33.3"S, 75°59'29.1"W, 565 m., 27 May 2021, L. Valenzuela et al. 39807 (HOXA); • ibid., L. Valenzuela et al. 35275 (HOXA, HUT, MO, USM); • ibid., 07°02'20.7"S, 75°48'35.9"W, 25 May 2018, L. Valenzuela et al. 35278 (HOXA, MOL, USM); • ibid., Dist.Contamana, road to oriente, 160–200 m, 28 July 1970, S. McDaniel 14115 (US, USM). Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, 3 km E of Puente Paucartambo, 900 m, 27 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1123 (FLAS, K, US). • San Martin: Alto Río Huallaga, 360–900 m, Dec. 1929, Ll. Williams 6233 (F). Prov. Lamas, along Quebrada Vainilla, c. ½ km downstream on Río Mayo from Puente Bolivia (km 33 of Marginal W of Tarapoto), 350 m, 30 May 1986, S. Knapp & P. Alcorn 7417 (US, USM). Prov. San Martín, trail to Boca Toma del Shilcayo, along Río Shilcayo N of Tarapoto, 06°30'S, 76°22'W, 400 m, 20–21 May 1986, S. Knapp & P. Alcorn 7325 (US, USM); • ibid., near Shapaja, 400 m, 2 Oct. 1973, R. Ferreyra et al. 18272 (USM); • ibid., Tarapoto, 1835, A. Mathews 1525 (K); • ibid., Aug. 1855, R. Spruce s.n. (K); • ibid., 5–8 km E of Tarapoto, 520 m, 6 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1020 (K, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. San Antonio, 6°24'54"S, 76°23'07"W, 470 m, 15 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 1062 (HOXA). Prov. Tocache [Mariscal Cáceres], Arriba de Tarapoto, 600–700 m, 31 Aug. 1968, R. Ferreyra 17433 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Uchiza, Cachiyacu de Lepuna, 450–500 m, 10 July 1974, J. Schunke 7304 (F, MO, USM). • Ucayali: Prov. Coronel Portillo, Dist. Calleria, cuenca del Río Utiquinia, cabecera de la quebrada Espejoyacu, Cerro Espajoyacu, 7°57.81'S, 73°53.98'W, 800 m, 7 March 2003, J. Graham 2401 (F, MOL, US); • ibid., Dist. Pucallpa, Cerca Portrero 45, IVITA, 200 m, 11 May 1973, R. Ferreyra 18149 (US). Prov. Purús, Río Curanja, cerca el pozo grande entre las comunidades de Alta y Columbiana, 10°04.121'S, 71°08.555'W, 325 m, 24 July 1998, J. Graham 657 (F, US).
Lectotypification.
Lindau cited Rusby 1117 and Kuntze s.n. from Santa Cruz as types of Chaetochlamysrusbyi. Assuming he saw these collections in Berlin, they would have been destroyed in 1943 so Rusby 117 at the BM has been selected as lectotype. It is not a holotype as suggested by Tropicos. Wasshausen and Wood (2004) cited Hassler 1936 (G) as lectotype of Beloperonematthewsii, but there are three sheets at G so a unique sheet (G-00102447) is here designated as second step lectotypification.
Species 24–27. A possibly natural group of dry country plants with 5-lobed calyx, white flowers and a tendency to have 2-seeded capsules, verruculose pollen and smooth seeds.
Justicia
reginaldii
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
24.
Wassh., Fl. Ecuador 89: 180. 2013. (Wasshausen 2013: 180)
F43FBC57-BFA0-58CE-A2F8-BEBE197E4F7D
Type.
Ecuador • Camino Zaruma–Loja, 1100 m, May 1958, R. Espinosa 2409 (holotype US-01106126, isotype K-000544761).
Description.
Subshrub to 70 cm in height; stems puberulent when young. Leaves very shortly petiolate, lamina 2.5–5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, lanceolate to ovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate, pubescent; petioles. Inflorescence of terminal bracteate spikes, the flowers in very short axillary spikes, commonly reduced to subsessile opposite pairs; bracts foliose below, diminishing in size to 6 × 2 mm upwards; calyx 5-lobed to about three quarters its length, lobes oblong, 4–5 × 1 cm, glabrous or puberulent; corolla relatively large, 2.2–2.5 cm long, gaping, white with purple markings, puberulent, the tube 12–14 mm long, upper lip erect, hooded, notched, lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes c. 6 mm long, rounded; anther thecae parallel, slightly superposed, oblong, 2.5 × 0.75 mm, the lower basally apiculate; pollen prolate-perprolate 43–47 × 27–29 μm, 2-aperturate, porate, grain covered in verrucae (Fig. 50C). Capsule 7 mm long, subglobose, glabrous, 2-seeded.
Illustration.
Fig. 22.
JusticiareginaldiiA inflorescence B stem, detail C upper bracts D calyx E corolla. Drawn from Ferreyra 7070 by Alice Tangerini.
Phenology.
March to May.
Habitat.
Rocky scrubby mountain sides, 1600–1700 m (1100 m in Ecuador).
Distribution.
A rare species restricted to southern Ecuador and northern Peru. New record for Peru. Fig. 61.
Material examined.
Peru • Cajamarca: Prov. Cajamarca, Dist. Matará, entre Tingo y San Miguel de Asunción, Chileto, [7°16'S, 78°16'W], 1600–1700 m, 10 April 1950, R. Ferreyra 7070 (K, MO, US).
Note.
The following specimens from dry forest dominated by Eriotheca Schott & Endl. at 2137–2281 m in Ancash and Huánuco differ in the smaller corolla c. 1.5 cm long, shorter capsule (4–5 mm long) and slightly smaller calyx. However they share the same terminal inflorescence with axillary flowers, the same gaping corolla and 2-seeded capsule. The leaves are similar in shape but are very variable in size. They may simply be a variant of the poorly known Justiciareginaldii.
Additional material examined.
Peru • Ancash: Prov. Sihuas, Dist. Acobamba, entre Quiches y Jocos, 0.96 km NW del Puente Isabel Gonzales Lozano, 8°20'36.5"S, 77°31'28.9"W, 2153 m, 6 March 2021, P. González et al. 7656 (E, USM); • ibid., 1.53 km NW del Puente Isabel Gonzales Lozano, 8°20'20.7"S, 77°31'38.7"W, 2281 m, P. González et al. 7634 (E, USM). Huánuco: Prov. Huacaybamba, Dist. Huacaybamba, right bank of Río Marañón, 9°2'9.2"S, 76°59'50.2"W, 2137 m, 25 March 2021, P. González et al. 9449 (E, USM).
Justicia
baguensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
25.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
C7E063B7-4BEF-531E-933B-CB83CA5FAA30
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363413-1
Type.
Peru • Amazonas, Prov. Bagua, Bagua Grande–Pedro Ruiz Road, 500–1000 m, 10 March 1998, H. van der Werff 14604 (holotype MO-5763982, isotypes F-2236803, MOL, USM).
Diagnosis.
Resembling Justiciareginaldii in the short, stout, glabrous, usually 2-seeded capsule, white flowers in a spicate inflorescence and small, somewhat glaucous leaves but differing in the well-developed axillary spikes up to 7 cm long, (not spikes essentially terminal), much smaller corolla c. 10 mm long (not 22–25 mm), the bracts all c. 7 mm long, distinct from leaves (not foliose below) and very small, near glabrous calyx < 2.5 mm long (not 4–5 mm long).
Description.
Erect subshrub 30–50 cm; stems somewhat woody, branched, quadrangular, nearly glabrous, obscurely bifariously scurfy. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina (1–) 2–5.5 (–7.5) × (0.2–) 0.4–1 cm, diminishing in size upwards oblong, tapered to an obtuse apex, base cuneate, glabrous except for a few hairs towards the base, glaucous, cystoliths prominent adaxially; petioles 2–4 mm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, terminal and axillary spikes, 2–7 cm long, glabrous, flowers in opposite pairs with distinct internodes; peduncles 0–10 mm; bracts 6–7 × 1.25 mm, oblanceolate, attenuate basally; bracteoles 4–5 × 0.75 mm, linear, acute; calyx subequally 5-lobed, lobes 2–2.5 × 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, apiculate, glabrous but puberulent apically; corolla 9–11 mm long, white with violet “herring bone” patterning, glabrous except a few hairs on lips, tube 4 mm long, upper lip 4–5 mm long, notched, lower lip 5–6 mm long, 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, rounded, c. 2 × 2 mm; anther thecae oblong, c. 1 × 0.5 mm, oblong, glabrous, weakly superposed, maroon; pollen sub, 42 × 25 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 6–8 distinct insulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 50D); style 7.5 mm, glabrous; ovary glabrous. Capsule 7 × 3 mm, obovoid-clavate, apiculate, glabrous; 2(–4)-seeded; seeds c. 2.5 mm diam., smooth.
Illustration.
Fig. 23.
JusticiabaguensisA habit B leaf C detail showing cystoliths on adaxial surface of leaf D bract E bracteole F calyx G corolla opened out to show stamens H anther thecae J exterior of capsule valve K interior of capsule valve L seed. A, H drawn from Van der Werff 14633, J, L from Van der Werff 1460 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is named Justiciabaguensis as it grows mostly in Bagua Province in Amazonas region in Peru.
Phenology.
Flowering mainly from January to May and sporadically later.
Habitat.
Xerophytic, deciduous scrub/woodland with cacti at 350–600 m approximately.
Distribution.
Endemic to the Río Marañón valley system and restricted to Amazonas and neighbouring parts of northern Cajamarca in the north of Peru. Fig. 61.
Material examined.
Peru • Amazonas: Prov. Bagua, Bagua Chica to Limonyacu [5°33'S, 78°29'W], 400–450 m, 27 June 1959, R. Ferreyra 13646 (USM); • ibid., 10 km from Bagua Grande, 24 May 1990, F. Borchsenius 2617 (USM); • ibid., Bagua Chica a Bagua Grande, 700 m, 7 Aug. 1978, J. Sánchez Vega et al. 2288 (CPUN); • ibid., Bagua Grande–Pedro Ruiz road, 500–1000 m, 10 March 1998, H. van der Werff 14633 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., the type, H. van der Werff 14604 (F, MO, MOL, USM); • ibid. H. van der Werff 14611 (F, MO, MOL, USM, US); • ibid., 2 km W of Bagua Chica [5°38'S, 78°31'W], 550 m, 19 Jan. 1964, P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 3631 (F, K, MO, US). Prov. Utcubamba Dist. El Milagro, El Valor, 5°38'S, 78°40'W, 350 m, 3 Feb. 1999, R. Vásquez 25904 (HUT, MO, US). • Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, Dist. Huarango, Puerto Ciruelo–camino a Huarango, 5°17'S, 78°46'W, 550–650 m, 26 April 1996, J. Campos & P. Diaz 2675 (F, HUT, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Tabaconas, Tamborapa, Las Juntas, 5°22'34"S, 78°46'51"W, 600 m., 9 Dec. 2001, R. Vásquez et al. 27235 (HUT, MO, USM). Prov. Jaén, cerca de Jaén [5°42'S, 78°48'W], 650–700 m, April 1950, H. Augusto 11 (USM).
Note.
The capsules usually contain only two seeds, but this is not constant; some specimens develop 3 or 4 apparently viable seeds.
Justicia
cajamarcensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
26.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood sp. nov.
E9763C15-FA92-53DE-98EA-34C668972ED9
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363414-1
Type.
Peru • Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, Dist. Huarango, Entre Puerto Tabalozo and Nueva Esperanza, 5°21'S, 78°44'W, 550–700, 18 Jan. 1996, J. Campos & O. Diaz 2005 (holotype US-3387858, isotypes F-2235744, MO-5297090, USM).
Diagnosis.
Resembling Justiciareginaldii and Justiciabaguensis in the short, stout, glabrous 2-seeded capsule and white flowers but differing in the densely imbricate (not lax and somewhat distant) flowers of the axillary spikes; from the former by the smaller corolla and from the latter by the relatively broad, oblong-ovate leaves (1–3.5 cm long), and the larger bracts, 6–9 mm long (not < 7 mm) and calyx lobes 4–5 mm long (not 2–2.5 mm long).
Description.
Subshrub 0.5–1.3 (–2.8) m in height; stems grey-green, bifariously pubescent when young, soon glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, lamina 3–10 × 1–3.5 cm, broadly to narrowly oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate to a very obtuse apex, base narrowly to broadly cuneate, margin undulate, both surfaces with numerous very small cystoliths, glabrous, adaxially dark green, abaxially paler, lateral veins 3–4 pairs; petioles 4–9 mm, puberulent, glabrescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary and terminal spikes 1–6 cm long; flowers imbricate; peduncles 3–20 mm, shortly pubescent, sometimes with gland-tipped hairs; bracts sessile, 6–9 × 1.3–2 mm, diminishing in size upwards, narrowly oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, acute, ciliate; bracteoles linear 4–6 × 0.5–1 mm, ciliate; calyx subequally 5-lobed to 1.5 mm above base, lobes 4–5 × 1.25 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute to cuspidate, ciliolate; corolla 15 mm long, white, pubescent, basal cylindrical tube very short, c. 2 × 2 mm, upper lip hooded, notched, c. 12 mm long, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes narrowly ovate, 4–5 × 3 mm, rounded; filaments glabrous, anther thecae oblong with short basal appendage, 1.5 × 0.5 mm, parallel, superposed, glabrous; pollen subprolate, 39 × 35 μm, 3-aperturate, porate, grain covered in verrucae (Fig. 50E); ovary and style glabrous. Capsule 8–9 × 2.75–3 mm, obovoid with broad sterile base, apiculate, glabrous, 2–4-seeded; seeds c. 3 mm diam., brown, smooth.
Illustration.
Fig. 24.
JusticiacajamarcensisA habit B bract C bracteole D calyx E anther F ovary G capsule, exterior (left) and interior (right) H seed. Drawn from Campos & Diaz 2005 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is named after the region of Cajamarca, to which it is endemic.
Phenology.
Flowering from December (to April).
Habitat.
Xerophytic scrub/woodland in northern Cajamarca, 550–900 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Cajamarca in northern Peru. Fig. 61.
Material examined.
Peru • Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, Dist. Huarango, entre Puerto Tabalozo and Nueva Esperanza, 5°21'S, 78°44'W, 550–700, 18 Jan. 1996, J. Campos & O. Diaz 2005 (F, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. San Ignacio, entre Puerto Huaquillo y Casa Quemada, 5°15'S, 78°50'W, 600–800 m, 29 Jan. 1976, J. Campos & O. Diaz 2262 (F, HUT, MO, MOL, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Chirinos, Las Juntas, 5°20'30"S, 78°46'00"W, 600–650 m, 6 Jan. 1997, J. Campos & O. Diaz 3263 (F, MO, MOL, USM). Prov. Jaén, Dist. Jaén sector El Huito, 5°41'17"S, 78°48'59"W, 780 m, 22 Dec. 2012, J.L. Marcelo Peña & R. Gutiérrez 2253 (MOL); • ibid., Dist. Pucará [6°02'S, 79°07'W], 900 m, 12 April 1960, F. Woytkowski 5671 (US).
Note.
No open corollas were present on the specimens available to us.
Justicia
sagasteguii
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
27.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
0101950A-F91B-57A5-8F1C-C4FD486EA563
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363423-1
Type.
Peru • Cajamarca, Prov. Contumazá, Dist. Contumazá, El Platanar–Planta Eléctrica por Ruta Cascas-Contumazá, 1400 m, 31 March 1994, A. Sagástegui et al. 15206 (holotype US-3291670, isotypes F-2138254, HUT).
Diagnosis.
Superficially resembling J.reginaldii and similar white-flowered, winter-flowering species from xerophytic habitats but distinctive because the axillary spikes are reduced to dense flower clusters, from which radiate distinct, elongate, linear-oblanceolate bracts up to 18 mm in length. The capsule is 4-seeded.
Description.
Isophyllous branched subshrub of uncertain height; stems woody below, ± terete, bifariously scurfy, glabrescent when mature. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina 1.5–11 × 0.5–5 cm, ovate to broadly oblong-ovate, less commonly oblong-lanceolate, base cuneate, margin undulate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler and with numerous cystoliths; lateral veins 5–6 pairs; petioles 0.4–1 cm, glabrous to obscurely bifariously puberulent. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate axillary spikes, commonly reduced to axillary clusters, 1–3 cm long; peduncles 0–4 mm bifariously puberulent; bracts at base of spike foliose, narrowly oblong, subglabrous, but with some apical pubescens, mostly 10–16 × 3–4 mm; floral bracts 8–18 × 1.5–2.5 mm, narrowly oblong, finely acuminate, narrowed to a long petiole-like base, subglabrous; bracteoles 4–12 × 0.5–1 mm, linear, finely acuminate, glabrous to thinly (glandular-) puberulent; calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 4–5 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, puberulent; corolla c. 1.5–2.2 cm long, pale lilac to white, densely pubescent, 2-lipped, tube c. 10 mm long, slightly widened upwards, upper lip erect, shallowly bilobed, lower lip deeply 3-lobed, the central lobe broadly ovate, rounded 8 × 7 mm, the laterals oblong, 7 × 2.5 mm rounded, filaments glabrous, anthers included in upper lip, thecae 1.75 × 0.7 mm, oblong, weakly superposed, glabrous, the lower with a short basal appendage; pollen subprolate, ?2/3-aperturate, porate, grain covered in verrucae; style pubescent basally, glabrous above, 15 mm long. Capsule 8–11 × 3.5–4 mm, strongly clavate, glabrous; 4-seeded; seeds 2.5–3 mm diam., rounded, flattened, smooth.
Illustration.
Fig. 25.
Justiciasagasteguii. A habit B detail of abaxial surface of leaf C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla G anther H exterior of capsule valve J interior of capsule valve K seed. A, G drawn from Sagástegui 15206 H, K from Sagástegui 14539 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is named for Abundio Sagástegui, collector of all cited specimens of this species.
Phenology.
Flowering in March and April.
Habitat.
Scrubby slopes and roadsides 1400–1450 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru occurring in the Corlás area on the La Libertad/Cajamarca border area. Fig. 61.
Material examined.
Peru • Cajamarca: Contumazá, the type. • La Libertad: Prov. Gran Chimú, Corlás, (Cascas-Contumazá), 7°26'7"S, 78°48'W, 1450 m, 26 April 2002, Sagástegui et al. 16879 (F); • ibid., Corlás, arriba de Cascas [7°28'S, 78°49'W], 1450 m, 16 April 1992, Sagástegui et al. 14539 (F, US).
Note.
The long, thin bracts and bracteoles give the inflorescence a “whiskery” appearance. Occurs at higher altitudes than similar species.
Species 28–31. These species have a branched terminal inflorescence forming a panicle of spikes, the calyx 4–5-lobed but are probably heterogenous genetically.
Justica
dryadum
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
28.
Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood, Kew Bull. 58(4): 813. 2003. (Wasshausen and Wood 2003: 813)
ABE51221-19B1-5960-81FA-9EB350583960
Type.
Bolivia • La Paz, Sud Yungas, P.N. Pilon Lajas, D.C. Wasshausen & J.R.I. Wood 2196 (holotype US-00731139[Cat. No 3455450], isotypes K-001256339, LPB-0000410, US-02878814).
Description.
Perennial herb to 1 m in height, stems bifariously pilose. Leaves petiolate, lamina (2–)6–16 × (1–)2–8.5 cm, oblong-elliptic or obovate-oblong, acuminate, falcate, attenuate at the base, pilose on both surfaces, cystoliths prominent above; petioles 0.3–2 cm long. Inflorescence a large terminal panicle up to 25 × 20 cm; flowers arranged in pairs; branches repeatedly 3-forked, glandular-pilose; floral bracts 1–2.5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, shortly glandular-pilose; calyx c. 3 mm long, subequally 5-lobed to near the base, lobes linear-lanceolate, glandular; corolla c. 11 mm long, glabrous except for a few hairs on the exterior of the lips, tube pale cream c. 1.5 mm wide at base, upper lip c. 3.5 mm long, entire, lower lip c. 4 mm long, 3-lobed, the lobes c. 1.5 × 1 mm, ovate, rounded, purplish except for distinct “herring bone” patterning; anther thecae weakly superposed, violet, c. 0.5 mm long; pollen 18 × 13 μm, 2-aperturate (Wasshausen and Wood 2003: 803). Capsule 8.5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, oblong-clavate, minutely glandular-pilose; seeds c. 2 × 2 mm, ovate, lenticular, minutely pustulate.
Illustration.
Wasshausen and Wood 2003: 803 (pollen), 814 (habit and floral details).
Phenology.
Flowering in the winter dry season, principally from July to October.
Habitat.
Moist lowland rainforest, 200–500 m.
Distribution.
Northern Bolivia and southern Peru. New record for Peru. Fig. 62.
Material examined.
Peru • Cusco: Prov. Paucartambo, Dist. Kosñipata, near junction Río Carbon with Río Alto Madre de Dios, 6–7 Aug. 1974, H. Brokaw, M. Brockaw & R. Foster et al. 3045 (F). • Madre de Dios: Prov. Manu, P.N. del Manu, Coca Cashu Station, 350 m, 11°50'S, 71°25'W, 31 Aug. 1984, R. Foster 9936 (F, MO, USM); • ibid., Río Palotoa, NW of Shintuya, 500 m, 26–28 Aug. 1978, R. Foster & J. Terborgh 6734 (F); • ibid., zona reservada del P.N. del Manu, 350 m, 4–22 Sept. 1989, A. Tupayachi 1201 (CUZ). Prov. Tambopata, Dist. Las Piedras, Cusco Amazónico, Inventario Permanente, Trocha B, 12°29'S, 69°03'W, 200 m, Aug. 1991, M. Timaná 1991 (MO); • ibid., 10 Oct. 1991, M. Timaná & N. Jaramillo 2532 (MO).
Note.
Close to Justiciatenuiflora Ruiz & Pav., differing in the pubescent leaves which lack the long-attenuate leaf base of that species, by the presence of warty outgrowths on the lower part of the stem, and the shorter, lilac, not red corollas.
Justicia
lineolata
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
29.
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.1: 9. 1798. (Ruiz and Pavón 1798: 9)
AFC63CD9-5702-5F20-906D-B7F5CE3E8730
Rhytiglossa lineolata (Ruiz & Pav.) Nees, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 341.1847. (Nees 1847b: 341) Ecbolium lineolatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 980. 1891. (Kuntze 1891: 980) Justicia flavidiflora Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 409. 1904. (Lindau 1904: 409). Type. Peru. Amazonia, Juruá Miry, E. Ule 5699 (presumed holotype B†, photo of holotype F0BN008828, lectotype HBG-0522729, designated here, isolectotypes CORD-00005109, G-00236288, K-000529332, MG-005628, US-02879664, fragment).
Type.
Peru • [Huánuco], Cochero, Ruiz & Pavon s.n., (lectotype MA-815525, designated here, isolectotypes BM, MA-815526, MA-815527, MPU-018337).
Description.
Herb 30–100 cm high; stems striate, glaucous, thinly but coarsely bifariously hirsute. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina 7–18 × 3–10 cm, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or obovate, apex obtuse, base broadly to narrowly cuneate; coriaceous in texture, olive-green in colour, cystoliths numerous, glabrous; petioles 3–15 mm. Inflorescence a long-pedunculate terminal panicle of spikes; the branches 0–12 cm long, sometimes reduced to a cluster of flowers; peduncles 5–22 cm, pubescent with crisped white hairs; rhachis white-pubescent with some gland-tipped hairs; flowers sessile or borne on short pedicels c. 1 mm long; bracts subulate, 1.5 mm long, hispid; bracteoles similar; calyx 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, 3 × 0.5 mm, hispid and with scattered glands; corolla 8–9 mm long, cream, puberulent, gaping, upper lip entire, lower lip with purple “herring bone” patterning, shallowly 3-lobed; thecae 1 × 0.5 mm, ellipsoid, weakly superposed, lacking basal appendages.Capsule 10 × 2 mm, clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded.
Illustration.
JusticialineolataA leaves B inflorescence C bracts, bracteoles and calyx D corolla opened to show stamens. Drawn from Wasshausen & Encarnación 588 by Cathy Pasquale.
Photographs of Justicialineolata by Rosa Villanueva.
Phenology.
Flowers principally between June and October.
Habitat.
Primary and secondary lowland rainforest up to 960 m, often on flood plains.
Distribution.
Peru and Bolivia in the Amazonian lowlands and lower eastern Andean slopes from Loreto south to Amazonian Bolivia. Fig. 63.
Material examined.
Peru • Sine loc, A. Mathews 1838 (K). • Ayacucho: Prov. La Mar, along Río Catute, 2 km NW of Santa Rosa, 680 m, 3 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 509 (K, US); • ibid., along Río Catute, 2 km NW of Santa Rosa, 680 m, 8 Sept. 1976, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 617 (K, MO, USM). Cusco: Prov. Camisea; Campamento Malvinas, 11°52'12"S, 72°56'28"W, 450 m, 23 Sept. 1997, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 9889 (US, USM). Prov. La Convención, along Río Quimiri, 4 km E of San Francisco de Apurimac, 750 m, 6 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 516 (US); • ibid., Dist. Echarate, Armihuari well site, 11°51.88'S, 72°46.69'W, 535 m, 14 May 1997, P. Nuñez V. 20089 (US); • ibid., Armihuari–Río Camisea, 11°55'55.1"S, 72°46'38.9"W, 535 m, 11 Oct. 1998, P. Nuñez et al. 24253 (US, USM); • ibid., Cashiriari-3 well site, 5 km south of Camisea river, 11°52'57.1"S, 72°39'6.1"W, 700 m, 2 Oct. 1998, P. Nuñez et al. 23774 (US, USM); • ibid., 11°53'S, 72°39'W, 700 m, 2 Sept. 1998, P. Nuñez et al. 23837 (CUZ); • ibid., San Martin 3 site well, 11°46.89'S, 72°42.10'W, 400 m, 2 Nov. 1998, H. Beltrán et al. 3276 (US, USM) Prov. Paucartambo, Dist. Kosñipata, along lumber trail N of Pilcopata, 580 m, 27 June 1975, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 588 (K, US). Prov. Quispicanchis, 3 km E of Quincemil, 960 m, 7 Oct. 1976, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 727 (K, USM). • Huánuco: Prov. Huamalíes, Cueva de las Lechuzas, Río Monzón, 700–800 m, 18 July 1948, R. Ferreyra 4255 (K, MOL, US, USM). Prov. Leoncio Prado, Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Tingo María, 600–700 m, 15 Aug. 1943, C.A. Ridoutt s.n. (US, USM13141); ibid, Dist. Jose Crespo y Castillo, Moena, 600 m, 24 March 1954, F. Woytkowski 1195 (US, USM). Prov. Puerto Inca [Pachitea], Puerto Inca, 2–5 km E of town, 9°18'S, 74°57'W, 250–300 m, 11 Sept. 1982, R. Foster 8698 (USM). • Junín: Prov. Paucartambo, Dist. Perené, Río Paucartambo Valley, near Perené Bridge, 700 m, 19 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25288 (US); • ibid., E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25263 (US); Prov. Satipo [Chanchamayo], 550 m, 15 July 1982, O. Tovar 9373 (USM); • ibid., Aug. 1940, C.A. Ridoutt s.n. (US, USM11660). • Madre de Dios: Prov. Manu, Sunset Point Trail, Explorer’s Inn, near the confluence of Río Tambopata and Río La Torre, 39 km SW. of Puerto Maldonado, 12°50'S, 69°20'W, 19 Sept. 1984, S.F. Smith et al. 117 (US); • ibid., 12 July 1987, S.F. Smith 951 (US); • ibid., Río Manu: Cocha Cashu Station, 350 m, July 1978, J. Terborgh 6500 (F). Prov. Tambopata, Zona Reservada Tambopata, 13 Sept. 1986, O. Phillips & P. Willein T17 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Las Piedras, Cuzco Amazónico, 12°29'S, 69°03'W, 3 Sept. 1991, M. Timaná & A. Rubio 2178 (CUZ). Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, La Merced–Oxapampa km 37, 800 m, 27 Aug. 2002, A.N. Schmidt-Lebuhn 546 (USM). • San Martín: Prov. San Martín: Prov. Tocache [Mariscal Cáceres], Dist. Tocache [Nuevo], Quebrada de Huaquisha (margen derecha del Río Huallaga), 17 May 1987, J. Schunke Vigo 3987 (F, US); • ibid., entre la Merced y Huánuco, Valle del Huallaga, 500–600 m, 2 Aug. 1948, R. Ferreyra 4376 (US, USM); • ibid., Vicinity of Tocache, 400–700 m, 1979, J. Schunke 11001 (F, MO, US); • ibid., Dist. Uchiza, Cachiyacu de Lepuna, 11 July 1974, J. Schunke 7306 (F, US); • ibid., Quebrada de Cañuto, 500 m, 8 Aug. 12092, J. Schunke 12092 (US). • Ucayali: Prov. Atalaya, Dist. Raimondi, Atalaya, near junction of Río Carbon with Río Alto Madre de Dios, 27 Aug. 1973, R. Foster 2721 (F). Prov. Coronel Portillo, Dist. Calleria, Pucallpa, 200 m, 4 Aug. 1946, J. Soukup 3042 (F); • ibid., Bosque Nacional Alexander von Humboldt, km 86 carretera a Pucallpa, 250–300 m, 30 July 1978, J. Schunke Vigo10416 (MO). Prov. Purús, Dist. Purús. Río Curanja, cerca la comunidad nativa colombiana, 10°04'S, 71°06'W, 300–350 m, 13 July 2002, J. G. Graham & J. Schunke Vigo 1721 (US); • ibid., cerca del pozo grande entre las comunidades de Balta y Columbiana, 10°04.121'S, 71°08.555'W, 325 m, 24 July 1998, J. Graham 659 (F); • ibid., Centro Poblado Balta, K.M. Kensinger 79 (USM).
Lectotypifications.
In choosing a lectotype for Justicialineolata Ruiz & Pav. we have simply chosen the most complete specimen at MA. Lindau cited two specimens of Justiciaflavidiflora, Ule 5699 and Poeppig 1813, both stored presumably at Berlin and both destroyed in 1943. Poeppig 1813 was collected at “Maynas prope Tocache”, so presumably from San Martin in Peru. We have been unable to trace any duplicate or image of this specimen, so have selected the Hamburg collection of Ule 5699 as the lectotype, this specimen already annotated (but unpublished) as lectotype by Wasshausen.
Notes.
This species is very well named. The cystoliths are numerous giving the plant a bluish-green appearance when dry, often facilitating the identification of poor or even sterile material.
Justicia
tenuiflora
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
30.
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.1: 9. 1798. (Ruiz and Pavón 1798: 9)
69C2B830-0A18-56E2-99AB-639B973C3F09
Rhytiglossa tenuiflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Nees, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 340. (Nees 1847b: 340). Ecbolium tenuiflorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 981. 1891. (Kuntze 1891: 981). Jacobinia tenuistachys Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6(1): 105. 1896. (Rusby 1896: 105) Type. BOLIVIA. La Paz, [Larecaja], Guanay–Tipuani, M. Bang 1441 (holotype NY-00312097, isotypes BM-000617658, BM-000617659, C-10004935, CAS-0003066, CM-2079, CORD-00005098, E, F-0047399F, GH-00094054, GH-00249355, K-000529470, LD-1688024, M-0186467, M-0186468, MICH-1104048, MIN-1001467, MO-1587290, NY-00038826, PH-00016185, PH-00016186, PH-00016187, PUL-00000304, S-05-386, US-01095038, US-01095039), W1893-0005428, W-1893-0005430). Justicia tenuistachys (Rusby) Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood, Kew Bull. 58(4): 818. 2003. (Wasshausen and Wood 2003: 818), syn. nov. Beloperone baenitzii H. Winkl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 113. 1909 (Winkler 1909: 113) Type. BOLIVIA, Larecaja, Charopampa bei Mapiri, Buchtien 1409 (presumed holotype B†, photo of holotype F0BN008922, isotype US-00137217). Justicia baenitzii (H. Winkl.) C. Ezcurra, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 25: 348. 1988. (Ezcurra 1988: 348). Beloperone viridissima Rusby, Mem. New York Bot. Garden 7: 367. 1927. (Rusby 1927: 367). Type. BOLIVIA. Vic. Huachi, head of Beni River, 1800 ft, 13 Aug. 2021, C.E.White 550 (holotype NY-00311814, isotypes BKL-00000005, GH-00093742, K-000529469, MICH-1104018, NY-00311815, US-00137240).
Type.
Peru • [Huánuco], Cuchero [San Juan de Cochero], [9°30'S, 75°51'W, 1886 m], Ruiz & Pavon s.n. (lectotype MA815548, designated here, isolectotype MA815547).
Description.
Perennial subshrub to 80 cm in height. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina mostly 8–18 × 4–8 cm, oblong-elliptic, acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous or nearly so. Inflorescence a terminal panicle c. 15–20 cm long, composed of lax branched spikes; bracts and bracteoles deltoid, 1–2 mm long; calyx subequally 5-lobed, subglabrous to densely, but shortly glandular hirtellous, lobes 4–6 × 0.25 mm, subulate; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, red, hirtellous, the tube 2–2.5 cm long, the lips 1.3–2 cm long; thecae narrowly ellipsoid, 2 × 0.5 mm, one distinctly smaller, weakly superposed, lacking basal appendages; pollen prolate 38–40 × 22–23 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 6–7 poorly developed insulae on either side of the aperture (Fig. 50F). Capsule 12–13 × 2–3 mm, clavate, glandular-hirtellous; 4-seeded; seeds tuberculate.
Illustration.
Fig. 28.
Photographs of Justiciatenuiflora (Villanueva 975) by Rosa Villanueva.
Phenology.
Flowering from May to October.
Habitat.
Tropical rainforest in the Andean foothills, very tolerant of shade, often near streams. Locally common, 600–1200 m approx.
Distribution.
Moist eastern slopes of the Andes from northern Argentina through Bolivia to San Martin and Loreto, but apparently much more common in Huánuco than elsewhere in Peru. Its local abundance in central Peru parallels to some extent the distribution of Justiciawarmingii. Fig. 62.
Material examined.
Peru. July 1854, Lechler 3153 (K). • Huánuco: [Prov. Chinchao], Pampayacu [9°33'28"S, 75°54'35"W], mouth of Río Chinchao, July 1923, J.F. Macbride 5102 (US). Prov. Huamalíes, Monzón, 950 m, 8 Sept. 1954, F. Woytkowski 1562 (MOL). Prov. Leoncio Prado, right margin of Río Monzón, near Cueva de Las Lechuzas [9°18'46.92"S, 76°00'00.71"W], 700–800 m, 18 July 1948, R. Ferreyra 4237 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., trail S of Puerto Cayumba [9°29'41"S, 75°57'9"W], 25 km S of Tingo María, 20 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & O. Tovar 1279 (K, US); • ibid., confluence of Monzón and Huallaga rivers, near Tingo María, 700 m, 25 Oct. 1938, H.E. Stork & O.B. Horton 9503 (K); • ibid., entre Tingo Maria y Monzón, 700–750 m, 20 Aug. 1967, R. Ferreyra 16993 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Luyando, Hacienda Shapajilla, cerca de Tingo María, 600–700 m, 10 Aug. 1946, R. Ferreyra 878 (USM); • ibid., Tulumayo, near Tingo María, 650–700 m, R. Ferreyra 2182 (US); • ibid., Dist. Mariano Damaso, Bella Durmiente, cerca de Cueva de las Lechuzas, 700 m, 10 Oct. 1959, R. Ferreyra 13806 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Monzón, confluencia con el Río Huallaga, cerca Tingo María, 700 m, 23 Sept. 1954, R. Ferreyra 10233 (US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Río Bella, 7 km de Tingo María, 6 Aug. 1946, J. Soukup 3097 (US); • ibid., along Río Monzón on trail to Cueva de las Lechuzas, 650 m, 18 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & O. Tovar 1259 (K, MO, US); • ibid., along Río Monzón, Jacintillo [9°19'6"S, 76°0'38"W], 680–700 m, 18 July 1978, J. Schunke Vigo 10374 (MO, US); • ibid., Calpar Bella, cueva de los Hauriños. margen izquierda del Río Monzón, 700–900 m, 2 July 1976, J. Schunke Vigo 9488 (AAU, F, MO, US), J. Schunke Vigo 9489 (USM). Prov. Pachitea, Dist. Chaglla, rumbo a caserío Montevideo, 9°28'51"S, 75°53'13"W, 1810 m, 9 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 988 (HOXA). • Madre de dios: Prov. Tahuamanu, cerca del Río Yaverija, a 2 km de Iñapari, 23 May 1978, F. Encarnación 1147 (US). • Puno: Prov. Carabaya, Dist. San Gabán [13°28'48"S, 70°25'12"W], 900 m, 12 June 1982, D.C. Wasshausen & A. Salas 1245 (K, US). Prov. Sandia, Dist. Sagrario [13°55'01.2"S, 69°40'58.8"W], 1000–1300 m, 26 May 1942, R.D. Metcalf 30631 p.p. (MO). • San Martín: Prov. Tocache [Mariscal Cáceres], Dist. Tocache Nuevo, Quebrada de Santa Rosa de Cachiyacu carretera a Progreso, [8°31'5"S, 76°25'W], 500–700 m, 19 July 1974, J. Schunke Vigo 7572 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Uchiza, Cerro de Santa Cruz, al este del puente, carretera marginal, 700–800 m, 3 Aug. 1974, J. Schunke Vigo 8010 (F, MO, US, USM). • Ucayali: Prov. Coronel Portillo, Dist. Iparia, falda dentro las cuencas de los Ríos Arapo y Manegene, afluentes del Río Ucayali, 1100 m, 22 Aug. 2010, J.G. Graham 5952 (MOL, US, USM). Prov. Padre Abad, Dist. Padre Abad, carretera antigua a Pucallpa, 1200–1300 m, 9 May 1978, J. Schunke Vigo 10142 (U, US); • ibid., cumbre de la Divisoria, entre Ucayali y Huánuco, cabecera del Río Yurac, afluente del Río Aguaytía, 9°11'03"S, 75°47'47"W, 1500–1600, 7 June 2007, J. G. Graham & J. Schunke Vigo 4185 (MOL, US, USM); • ibid., Catarata Santa Rosa, 9°09'40"S, 75°45'39"W, 882 m, 8 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 975 (HOXA); • ibid., Boquerón Padre Abad, 9°03'58"S, 75°40'45"W, 450–500 m, 5 Sept. 2019, I. Azevedo et al. 281 (IBSC).
Note.
Variable in the indumentum and length of the sepals. Sepals are narrowly lanceolate with a fine attenuate apex. In younger specimens, the sepals may be only 3–4 mm long but in more mature specimens, they can reach 7 mm. In some specimens the sepals are completely glabrous, but younger specimens are often with sessile glands, these becoming stipitate and mixed with eglandular hairs in some more mature specimens.
Justicia
warmingii
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
31.
Hiern, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1877–78: 80. (Hiern 1877: 80)
68C33605-458B-5BD1-B26C-C56040FE24EA
Dianthera hirsuta Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.1: t.13 (Ruiz and Pavón 1798: t.13) pro parte, quoad icones et spec. in Herb. Benth. (K), non descr. et non (Jacq.) J.F.Gmel. (1791). Sarotheca elegans Nees, Flora Bras. 9(7): 113. 1847. (Nees 1847a: 113) non J.elegans P. Beauv. (1806). Type. BRAZIL. Goias, Serra de S. Felis ad fluvium Rio Trahiras, Pohl 1989 (holotype GZU-000250360, isotype W-0049983). Justicia sarotheca V.A.W. Graham, Kew Bull. 43(4): 614. 1988. (Graham 1988: 614). Type. Based on SarothecaelegansPohl. Sarotheca glutinosa Bremek., Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., C 72: 426. 1969. (Bremekamp 1969: 426) Type. BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca, W.M.A. Brooke 5677 (holotype BM-000551558, isotype F-0077602F). Justicia glutinosa (Bremek.) V.A.W. Graham, Kew Bull. 43(4): 613. 1988. (Graham 1988: 613).
Type.
Brazil. Warming 1028 (holotype C-10005029, isotype K-000529271).
Description.
Subshrub 0.5–2 m high, stems conspicuously pilose. Leaves petiolate, lamina 6–14 × 2–4 cm, variable in shape, commonly broadly oblong, sometimes, ovate, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, base attenuate and sometimes decurrent on the petiole, thinly or densely pilose on the veins, especially beneath; petioles 0.2–2.5 cm, hirsute. Inflorescence of simple or branched spikes 5–15 cm long from the upper leaf axils, these often aggregated to form a terminal panicle of spikes; rhachis and axes glandular and somewhat sticky; bracts linear-oblong, 4–5 × 1–2 mm, glandular, bracteoles similar but shorter; calyx 4-lobed to base, lobes 4–5 × 1 mm, lanceolate, glandular; corolla 9–10 (–12) mm long cream with purple “herring bone” patterning on lower lip, glandular, tube short, stout, 2.5 mm wide, lips short 4–5 mm; pollen prolate 40 × 21 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of indistinct insulae on either side of the aperture (Fig. 51A). Capsule 14–17 × 3 mm, clavate, constricted between seeds, covered in subsessile glands, 4-seeded; seeds 3 mm diam., tuberculate.
Illustration.
JusticiawarmingiiA habit B bract, bracteole and calyx C bract D corolla showing anthers. Drawn from Killip & Smith 23459 by Cathy Pasquale.
Photographs of Justiciawarmingii (Villanueva 920) by Rosa Villanueva.
Phenology.
Found in flower throughout most of the year, but perhaps flowering most prolifically in the June–September period.
Habitat.
Subtropical forest, secondary bushland, cliffs, scrubby slopes, roadsides between 500 and 1500 m.
Distribution.
Widely distributed in dispersed but locally extensive colonies in Peru, Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia. In Peru almost restricted to Junín in the centre of the country, where it is abundant, constituting a very curious distribution, somewhat parallelling that of Justiciatenuiflora, as both species are locally common further south in Bolivia. Fig. 62.
Material examined.
Peru • Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, Montayaco, west of San Ramón, 900 m, 27 June 1976, Al. Gentry & G. Prance 16419 (F, MO, USM); • ibid., Puente Paucartambo to La Merced, Chanchamayo valley, 800 m, 30 Jan. 1983, Al. Gentry et al. 39826 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., Río Colorado, near junction with Río Chanchamayo, 10°58'S, 75°22'W, 500–600 m, 7 Feb. 1983, A. Gentry &. D. Smith 40141 (MO, US); • ibid., Pichis trail, Enenas, 1600–1900 m, June–July 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25647 (US); • ibid., San Ramón–Chanchamayo, 1360 m, 17 July 1978, H. Ellenberg 8880 (US); • ibid., Río Colorado, San Ramón–Puente Paucartambo road, 10°58'S, 75°30'W, 760 m, 6 Oct. 1982, D. Smith & R. Foster 2486 (MO, USM, US); • ibid., Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 m, July 1929, C. Schunke 457 (F); • ibid., C. Schunke 458 (F); • ibid.,Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 m, June 1929, C. Schunke 234 (F); • ibid., Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 m, Sept. 1924–1927, C. Schunke 376 (F); • ibid., San Luis, 14 Aug. 1944, Ridoutt s.n., USM 14558 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Chanchamayo, La Merced, 2000 ft, Aug. 1923, J.F. MacBride 5204 (US); • ibid.,10–24 Aug. 1923, J. F. MacBride 5294 (F); • ibid., 800 m, Aug. 1944, J. Soukup 2527 (US); • ibid., 700 m, May–June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 23454 (F); • ibid., E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 23462 (US); • ibid., Río Chanchamayo, vic. La Merced, 750 m, 23 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1080 (K, MO, US, USM); • ibid., entre Pampa Whaley y Puente Perené, 800–900 m, 23 Sept. 1955, R. Ferreyra 11363 (MO, US, USM); • ibid., R. Ferreyra 11369 (USM); • ibid., 600 m, 16–18 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25240 (F); • ibid., Río Perené, 19 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25762 (US); • ibid., Dist. Pichanaki, 750 m, 3 Sept. 1960, G.W.H. Kunkel 6237 (B); • ibid., Dist. Perené, Río Perené, Colonia Perené, 600 m, June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25211 (US); • ibid., June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 24940 (US); • ibid., along Río Perené, near “Hacienda 3”, Colonia Perené, Tovar et al. 1536 (USM); • ibid., Dist. San Ramón, San Ramón, 11°07'17"S, 75°21'11.2"W, 772 m, 17 Aug. 2010, Xue-Jun Ge et al. 276 (USM); • ibid., 3000 ft, Aug. 1945, C. Sandeman 4938 (OXF); • ibid., along roadside, 750 m, 28 May 1979, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 1133 (USM); • ibid., valle de Chanchamayo, 800–900 m, 28 June 1954, O. Tovar 2290 (US, USM); • ibid., Hac. Génova, 1600 m, 10 July 1962, F. Woytkowski 7396 (MO, US); • ibid., 11°05'26"S, 75°21'08"W, 820 m, 27 Dec. 2017, R. Villanueva et al. 33 (MOL); • ibid., Hac. Schunke, 1300–1700 m, 1923, C. Schunke A7 (US); • ibid., Lourdes de Oxabamba, 11°04'25.6"S, 75°23'24.3"W, 1227 m, 3 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 920 (HOXA); • ibid., Centro Poblado Nueva Italia, 10°59'23.1"S, 75°25'7.1"W, 1245 m, 3 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 935 (HOXA); • ibid., Catarata Tirol, 11°08'11.4"S, 75°20'31"W, 886 m, 4 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 942 (HOXA). Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, below Oxapampa, 1500 m, 19 Oct. 1974, P & G. Gutte 4101 (US); • ibid., Santa Cruz, 14 Aug. 1944, C. Ridoutt s.n. (USM14610).
Typification.
As GZU-000250360 is the only specimen of Pohl 1989 annotated by Nees, it must be assumed to be the holotype of Sarothecaelegans, even though the Vienna specimen, W-0049983, is much more complete.
Notes.
The inflorescence can be of axillary spikes or aggregated to form a terminal panicle of spikes. The indumentum of the corolla and capsules is of subsessile glands.
Species 32–35 Plants with spathulate bracts, small corollas, 5-lobed calyx and axillary spicate inflorescences.
Justicia
chlamydocardioides
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
32.
(Mildbr.) R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood comb. nov.
F50C4290-14C7-5C3E-9C10-63C86FDB6222
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363424-1
Tessmanniacanthus chlamydocardioides Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 987. 1926. (Mildbraed 1926: 987). Type. PERU. Puerto Melendez, below Pongo de Manseriche, Tessmann 4788 (presumed holotype B†, photo of holotype FOBN008790, US-02869761, isotype NY-00278328).
Type.
Based on Tessmanniacanthuschlamydocardioides Mildbr.
Description.
Subshrub up to 2 m high. Stems dark brown with warty outgrowths. Leaves petiolate, lamina mostly 15–25 × 8–9 cm, broadly oblong elliptic, acuminate to an acute apex, base cuneate and subcordate, slightly oblique, glabrous except for the veins beneath, the venation patterning very clear abaxially. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate spikes from the uppermost leaf axils, mostly 10–15 cm long; bracts spathulate with apiculate apex and prominent petiole, 9–11 mm long, the expended part c. 4–5 × 7 mm, thinly glandular ciliate; calyx 5-lobed to base, lobes 3 × 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, glabrous; corolla 12 mm long, pubescent, cream with purple lines on lower lip, thecae c. 2 × 0.5 mm, oblong, parallel, lower with a basal appendage. Capsule 10 × 4 mm, strongly clavate, glabrous (Wasshausen 904, Lewis 12985) or pubescent (Ancuash 1368); seeds 3.5 mm diam., rugose.
Illustration.
Fig. 31.
Photograph of inflorescence of Justiciachlamydocardioides (Wasshausen & Encarnación 904).
Phenology.
Found in flower in January to March, June to August and November.
Habitat.
Lowland rainforest, often near rivers 150–600 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru in a limited area of Amazonas and Loreto near the Pongo de Manseriche. Fig. 64.
Material examined.
Peru • Amazonas: Prov. Condorcanqui, Dist. El Cenepa, Quebrada Huampani, 600 m, 17 July 1974, R. Kayap 1149 (US, USM); • ibid., 4°33'S, 78°10'W, Río Cenepa, Comunidad Tutino, 4°33'S, 78°10'W, 350 m, 21 Nov. 1993, R. Vásquez et al. 18416 (HUT, MOL, USM); • ibid., 300 m, 23 Nov. 1993, R. Vásquez et al. 18548 (HUT, US, USM); • ibid., Com. Aguaruna Agui Suwa, 4°31'35"S, 78°10'34"W, 289 m, 22 Jan. 1997, R. Vásquez et al. 22152 (HUT, US, USM); • ibid., vic. Huampami, 5 km E. of Chavez Valdivia, 4°30'S, 78°30'W, 200–250 m, 15 Aug. 1978, A. Kujikat 390 (F, MO, US); • ibid., 200 m., E. Ancuash 1368 (MO, US); • ibid., 15 Aug. 1978, E. Ancuash 1519 (US); • ibid., Com. Mamayaque, 4°03'35"S, 78°10'34"W, 260 m, 21 Feb. 1997, E. Rodríguez et al. 1593 (F, MO, USM). Prov. Bagua, Dist. Imaza, Com. Aguaruna de Yamayakat, 250 m, 16 July 1994, C. Diaz et al. 6905 (F, MO, USM); • ibid., Com. Aguaruna de Putuim, 4°55'S, 78°19'W, 480 m, 19 June 1996, E. Rodríguez et al. 1120 (F, HUT, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Yamayakat, Quebrada Kusu, 5°03'20"S, 78°20'23"W, 380 m, 5 Nov. 1996, R. Vásquez et al. 21522 (USM); • ibid., 480 m, 9 Nov. 1996, R. Vásquez et al. 21785 (US, USM). • Loreto: Prov. Alto Amazonas, Río Marañón, near Pongo de Manseriche, 200 m, 14 Feb. 1978, D. C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 904 (K, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Pijuayil, Quebrada Tiriima, 1 km S on Río Morona, 4°22'S, 77°17'W, 150 m, 23 March 1987, W.H. Lewis et al. 12985 (MO); • ibid., Dist. Manseriche, Pongo de Manseriche, 4°26'01"S, 77°34'18"W, 500 m, 29 Nov. 1997, R. Vásquez & E. Chávez 25084 (USM).
Notes.
Justiciachlamydocardioides was described in a separate genus Tessmanniacanthus by Mildbraed. Mildbraed’s reasons for establishing a distinct genus are not entirely clear but seem to be based on his mistaken belief that it belonged to the Odontonemeae (i.e. Graptophyllinae T.Anderson) rather than the Justiciinae Nees, although he does comment that it resembles Justiciapilosa. He comments that it is distinguished “durch die Brakteen sehr ausgezeichnet,”, which are large relative to the flowers, broadly petiolate, the lamina broader than long, the bracteoles minute. None of these characters serve as a justification for a new genus so we have transferred this species to Justicia, so reducing the genus Tessmanniacanthus to synonymy with Justicia.
Justiciachlamydocardioides is close to J.reniformis J.R.I.Wood from Colombia, which is a very local endemic to the Río Claro area of Antioquia (Wood et al. 2024), so the two populations are very disjunct in distribution. J.chlamydocardioides differs in the larger bracts, the expanded part c. 4–5 × 7 mm (not 2–3 × 5 mm) and longer petiolar base 9–11 mm long (not 2–5 mm). In size the bracts recall another Colombian species, J.axiologa (Leonard) J.R.I.Wood, but the expanded part is subreniform, not suborbicular as in J.axiologa.
Justicia
schunkei
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
33.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
3180740F-4AAF-5931-B2C2-87E5182C0F58
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363425-1
Type.
Peru • San Martin, Prov. “Mariscal Caceres” [Tocache], Dist. Tocache, Quebrada de Santa Rosa, Carretera a Progreso, 500–700 m, 20 July 1974, J. Schunke Vigo 7599 (holotype F-1882751, isotypes MO-2794266, US-2798703, USM).
Diagnosis.
This species can be compared with Justiciayuyoensis Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood but is a scandent shrub (not a herb), the bracts are < 6 mm long, mucronate and ciliate with eglandular hairs (not c. 8 mm long, ciliate with glandular hairs), the bracteoles nearly equal the bracts (not much shorter than bracts) and the calyx is c. 4 mm long, puberulent (not 2.5 mm long, glabrous).
Description.
Isophyllous scandent shrub 1–6 m in height; stems rounded, glabrous, greenish. Leaves petiolate, lamina 3–7.5 × 2–4 cm, ovate, acuminate to an obtuse apex, base broadly cuneate, margin irregularly undulate, both surfaces shiny, glabrous, paler beneath; petioles 0.5–0.8 cm, scurfy. Inflorescence of short axillary spikes, 1–3.5 cm long; peduncles 0–0.8 cm, puberulent; rhachis pubescent; bracts 5.5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, spathulate, apiculate, yellow-green, pilose and ciliate; bracteoles 5.5 × 1 mm, narrowly obovate, ciliate; calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 4 × 0.75 mm, narrowly ovate, finely acuminate, densely puberulent; corolla c. 7 mm long, pink with white markings, shortly pubescent on exterior in bud, tube c. 3 × 1.5 mm, upper lip 3–4 mm long, entire, lower lip 3-lobed, 3–4 mm long, lobes oblong, rounded; filaments glabrous, anther thecae weakly superposed, spreading, broadly oblong, c. 0.75 × 0.25 mm, pubescent dorsally, lower theca with a basal appendage; pollen prolate, 23 × 14–15 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, a distinct band of sexine on either side of aperture (Fig. 51C). Capsule 9 × 3 mm, narrowly clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds 1.5–2 mm diam., rounded, flattened, ± smooth.
Illustration.
Fig. 32.
JusticiaschunkeiA habit B bract C bracteole D calyx E corolla F anther G exterior of capsule valve H interior of capsule valve J seed. A, F drawn from Schunke Vigo 7599, G, J from Schunke Vigo 5011 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is named for Jose Schunke Vigo, leading Peruvian plant collector and botanist. Not only did he collect the type of Justiciaschunkei but some 80 other collections cited in this paper.
Phenology.
Flowering from July to September.
Habitat.
In shade of primary forest, 500–700 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to San Martin in Peru. Fig. 64.
Material examined.
Peru • San Martin: Prov. “Mariscal Cáceres” [Tocache], Dist. Tocache, the type; • ibid., desembocadura del Río Mishollo, margen derecha del Río Huallaga, 8 Sept. 1972, J. Schunke Vigo 5011 (F, K, US, USM).
Justicia
werffii
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
34.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
1A4354C9-B135-5217-9AC5-4CDF94E33609
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363426-1
Type.
Peru • San Martin, Prov. Rioja, Carretera Rioja [6°03'S, 77°10'W]–Pedro Ruiz [5°57'S, 77°58'W], 1450 m, 2 March 1998, H. Van der Werff 15565 (holotype MO-5763942, isotypes US-3387908, USM).
Diagnosis.
A small-flowered species that resembles J.morona-santiagoensis Wassh. in the spathulate bracts but differs in the liana habit (not erect or ascending subshrub), short peduncles, 0.5–2 cm long (not 4–6 cm) and the ciliate bracts and bracteoles (not glabrous).
Description.
Liana of unknown height; stems sulcate, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, lamina 2.5–6 × 1–2.3 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, slightly oblique, margin entire to crenulate, subglabrous or with few hairs in the veins, numerous small cystoliths present, veins 5–6 pairs; petioles 3–7 mm, subglabrous or hirtellous. Inflorescence of solitary or paired axillary racemes 1–4 cm long, becoming aggregated apically to form a terminal thyrse, the leaves progressively reduced in size; peduncles 0.5–2 cm, glabrous; rhachis 0.5–2 cm long, scurfy; flowers on pedicels 0–2 mm long; bracts and bracteoles similar, spathulate, 4 × 1.5 mm, ciliolate; calyx 5-lobed to c. 1 mm above base, lobes 4 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, puberulent; corolla c. 12 mm long, white, minutely tomentellous, the tube c. 3.5 mm, the base somewhat bulbous, upper lip c. 8 mm long, minutely notched, erect, lower lip c. 6 mm, 3-lobed, lobes c. 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, narrowly ovate, obtuse; anthers shortly exserted, thecae ellipsoid, c. 1.5 × 1 mm, slightly superposed, glabrous, basally acute; pollen prolate, 29–35 × 16–21 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of ± 7–8 distinct insulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 51B); style 12 mm, glabrous except for a few hairs at base; ovary glabrous. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 33.
JusticiawerffiiA habit B detail of abaxial surface of leaf C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla G anther H ovary and style. Drawn from Van der Werff 15565 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is named for Henk van der Werff, who collected the type as well as many other important specimens from northern Peru.
Phenology.
Found in flower in March.
Habitat.
Montane forest on clay soil in San Martin, 1450 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru and only known from the type, which was collected in San Martin. Fig. 64.
Material examined.
Peru • San Martin: type collection.
Justicia
spathuliformis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
35.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I Wood sp. nov.
A16EE967-DB93-5E5F-991F-F3A0B71E94B3
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363427-1
Type.
Peru • Huánuco, Prov. Leoncio Prado, Dist. Hermilio Valdizán, Río Azul, 30 km from Tingo María, 750–850 m, 15 Oct. 1957, R. Ferreyra 12739 (holotype US-2267252, isotype USM).
Diagnosis.
Resembling Justiciamorona-santiagoensis Wassh. but the inflorescence is clearly terminal (not axillary), with verticillate branching, the bracts at the inflorescence branching points oblong, (not spathulate), floral bracts ciliate (not glabrous) and corolla glabrous (not with hirtellous upper lip).
Description.
Isophyllous shrub 0.6–1.5 m high, habit unknown but probably erect, branched; stems crisped-pubescent with multicellular hairs. Leaves petiolate, lamina 10–19 × 2–9.5 cm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate, base cuneate, adaxially dark green, thinly pilose with multicellular hairs, the veins pubescent, abaxially paler, sometimes reddish-purple, glabrous except for pubescent veins, lateral veins 6–8 pairs; petioles 1–5.5 cm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, noticeably shorter than the subtending leaves, consisting of a relatively stout rhachis, from which arise verticillate branches with relatively slender secondary peduncles from the upper leaf axils; primary peduncles 3.2–5.2 cm (including rhachis to 10 cm), weakly quadrangular, densely but somewhat bifariously pubescent; secondary peduncles 1.5–3.6 cm; bracts at inflorescence branching points shortly petiolate, 10–12 × 2.5 mm, oblong, foliose, glabrous, somewhat caducous, the petioles up to 2 mm long; pedicels 5–15 mm flowers clustered in short dense spikes at apex of pedicels; floral bracts 6–10 × 2.5 mm, obovate-spathulate, ciliate; calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 4 × 1.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliolate; corolla yellow-green, minutely puberulent, tube 5 × 3 mm, stout, somewhat ventricose, mouth gaping, upper lip 4–5 mm, bidentate, lower lip purple-spotted, 3-lobed, the lobes oblong-ovate rounded; anthers included but prominent, the thecae 2.25 × 1.5 mm, oblong-elliptic, glabrous, weakly superposed, lower with a small basal appendage; pollen prolate, 27–33 × 19–22 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 4–5 insulae on either side of the aperture (Fig. 51D). Capsule 11 × 3 mm, weakly clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds lenticular, 2 × 2 mm.
Illustration.
Photographs of Justiciaspathuliformis (Villanueva 1028) by Rosa Villanueva.
JusticiaspathuliformisA habit B bracts C calyx D corolla. JusticiasaccataE habit F bracts and bracteoles G corolla. A, D drawn from Ferreyra 12739, E, G from Schunke 3264 by Cathy Pasquale.
Etymology.
The epithet “spathuliformis” refers to the distinctive spathulate bracts, which are characteristic of this species.
Phenology.
Found in flower from June to October.
Habitat.
c. 350–800 m. Primary Forest, often near streams.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru but relatively widely distributed on the eastern Andean slopes from San Martin south to Cusco. Fig. 64.
Material examined.
Peru • Cusco: Prov. La Convención, Dist. Echarate, Sepriato, margen derecha del Río Camisea, Reserva Nacional Nahua Kogapakori, 11°49'S, 78°33'W, 430 m, 19 July 2007, H. Beltrán et al. 6413 (USM). • Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, Dist. Chanchamayo, La Merced, 400–500 m, 14 Aug. 1948, R. Ferreyra 4470 (USM). • Huánuco: Prov. Leoncio Prado, hills east of Tingo María [9°18'S, 75°59'W], 5 Oct. 1972, T.B. Croat 21176 (US); • ibid., Dist. Hermilio Valdizán, Río Azul, 30 km from Tingo María, 750–850 m, 15 Oct. 1957, R. Ferreyra 12739 (US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Daniel Alomias Robles, oeste del Restaurante Canabraba, cerca de Delicios, 800–900 m, 17 June 1976, J. Schunke V. 9296 (MEXU, MO, US); • ibid., Dist. José Crespo y Castillo, 8°40'S, 76°05'W, 673 m, 11 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 1028 (HOXA, IBSC); • ibid., Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Tingo María, 625–1100 m, 1949–1950, H.A. Allard 20611 (US); • ibid., H.A. Allard 21902 (US). • San Martin. Prov. Tocache [Mariscal Cáceres], Dist. Tocache [Nuevo], desembocadura del Río Mishollo en Río Huallaga, 350–380 m, 25 July 1973, J. Schunke V. 6423 (US); • ibid., el este del puente, 500 m, 27 July 1974, J. Schunke V. 7816 (F, MO, US, USM). • Ucayali: Prov. Padre Abad, Dist. Padre Abad, Cuenca del Río Aguaytía, carretera al Río Yurac 9°04'S, 75°36'W, 350 m, 9 Oct. 2004, J. Schunke V. & J.G. Graham 16322 (F, US, MOL).
Note.
This species has a gaping corolla, so giving the appearance of having strongly exserted anthers. Schunke 7816 has large ovate, subcordate, somewhat oblique leaves, the other cited specimens have broadly oblong-elliptic leaves with cuneate base.
Species 35–36. Species with axillary inflorescences, 5-lobed calyx and small flowers, the corolla < 15 mm long.
Justicia
saccata
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
36.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood sp. nov.
195AD858-8B47-597F-B099-F25099F93899
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363429-1
Type.
Peru. Huánuco, Prov. Leoncio Prado, Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Quebrada Las Pavas, 5 km S. of Tingo María, 720 m, 24 March 1976, T. Plowman & H. Kennedy 5722 (holotype US-2728351, isotype USM).
Diagnosis.
Resembling Justiciachloanantha Leonard in the large leaves, panicled inflorescence with white flowers and short calyx lobes but the corolla shorter, < 10 mm long, with a prominent ventral bulge (not corolla c. 15 mm long, lacking a ventral bulge), calyx lobes very narrowly oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, appressed to the corolla, (not narrowly linear-lanceolate to subulate and spreading) and the capsule glabrous (not glandular-pubescent). It might be confused with J.wallnoeferi Wassh. and J.cuzcoensis Lindau but the leaves are long-petiolate and flowers not arranged in opposite pairs, the calyx 4–5 mm long (not 3 mm long) and corolla minutely glandular-puberulent with ventral bulge (not pubescent and lacking a ventral bulge).
Description.
Isophyllous subshrub c. 1 5 m high; stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, lamina 12–29 × 4–12 cm, broadly oblong-elliptic, apex shortly acuminate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces glabrous with numerous cystoliths, abaxially paler, lateral veins 12 pairs; petioles 8–10 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescence of pedunculate thyrses from the upper leaf axils, these much shorter than the leaves; peduncles 1–11 cm, glabrous, rhachis mostly 4–6 cm long, secondary peduncles 2–3 cm, tertiary peduncles 5–8 mm; bracts 2–5 mm, filiform, caducous; calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 5 × 1 mm, very narrowly oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, minutely scabrous; corolla c. 8–9 mm long, cream with purplish veins, minutely glandular-puberulent, tube c. 4 × 2 mm, stout with prominent ventricose bulge, 2-lipped, upper lip c. 3 mm long, bidentate, lower lip with purplish “herring bone” patterning, c. 4 mm long, 3-lobed, the lobes obovate, rounded; filaments glabrous, anthers included in the upper lip, thecae superposed, c. 1 × 0.75 mm, basally muticous, glabrous; pollen prolate, 25–28 × 16–19 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 6 insulae on either side of the aperture (Fig. 51E). Capsule 10–12 × 3–4 mm, clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds lenticular, 1.75 mm diam., dark brown, smooth.
Illustration.
Photographs of Justiciasaccata (Villanueva 1018) by Rosa Villanueva.
Etymology.
The epithet “saccata” refers to the distinctive saccate or ventricose corolla, which is a characteristic feature of this species.
Phenology.
Flowering from March to September.
Habitat.
In forest shade along rocky river banks and river cliffs, c. 380–950 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru, where it is known from Huánuco and Pasco. Fig. 65.
Material examined.
Peru • Huánuco: Prov. Leoncio Prado, Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Cueva de las Pavas, 5 km S of Tingo María, [9°19'19"S, 75°59'36"W] 672 m, 4 July 1969, J. Schunke Vigo 3264 (F, K, US, USM); • ibid., quebrada Las Pavas, 5 km S. of Tingo María, 720 m, 24 March 1976, T. Plowman & H. Kennedy 5722 (US, USM); • ibid., Cueva de las Pavas, 700–750 m, 11 July 1948, R. Ferreyra 4133 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Mariano Damaso Beraun, Catarata Derrepente, 09°29'57"S, 75°58'38"W, 938 m, 9 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 997 (HOXA); • ibid., cerca de la Poza de la Doncella, Cueva de las pavas, 9°22'15.3"S, 75°58'28.1"W, 694 m, 10 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 1018 (HOXA). • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Palcazú, quebrada Ataz, 10°10'06"S, 75°19'23"W, 407 m, 28 May 2009, L. Valenzuela et al. 13027 (HOXA, MO, USM); • ibid., Ataz, camino al convento, 10°09'30"S, 75°19'34"W, 375–635 m, 28 May 2009, L. Valenzuela et al. 12009 (HOXA, USM); • ibid., P. N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, Est. Biológica Paujil Pozo Tigre, 10°20'16"S, 75°15'07"W, 450 m, 31 March 2006, R. Vásquez et al. 31357 (HOXA); • ibid., 10°19'55"S, 75°15'58"W, 400 m, 10 March 2007, R. Vásquez et al. 32095 (HOXA); • ibid., 10°19'31"S, 75°15'51"W, 380 m, 10 March 2009, R. Vásquez et al. 35533 (HOXA, HUT, MOL, USM); • ibid., Estación Paujil-camino a la quebrada Ozus, 10°18'20"S, 75°16'52"W, 479 m, 17 March 2009, R. Vásquez et al. 35664 (HOXA, MOL, USM); • ibid., camino a parcela permanente ubicada en el Cerro Ozus, 10°18'37.5"S, 75°17'18.8"W, 850–1010 m, 26 Sept. 2005, Vilca 371 (HOXA, USM).
Note.
L. Valenzuela & J.L. Mateo 13175 (MO) is close to Justiciasaccata. It has the same ventricose corolla but differs in the more prominently hirtellous corolla and the subsessile leaves which are basally truncate.
Justicia
secundiflora
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
37.
(Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1:159. 1804. (Vahl 1804: 158)
2013C72C-02C5-532E-AFF8-2F08EC603D6D
Dianthera secundiflora Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.1: 11. 1798. (Ruiz and Pavón 1798: 11) Type. PERU. Ruiz & Pavon s.n. (lectotype MA815540, designated here, isolectotypes BC-872859, BM-014608695, G-00236348, G-00236349, G-00236350, MA-815542, OXF-00194112). Leptostachya secundiflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Nees, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 378. 1847. (Nees 1847b: 378) Leptostachya poeppigiana Nees, Flora Bras. 9: 150. 1847. (Nees 1847a: 150) Type. BRAZIL, Ega, Rio Amazon, Poeppig 2485β (lectotype W-0049994, designated here), syn. nov. Ecbolium poeppigianum (Nees) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 981. 1891. (Kuntze 1891: 981) Justicia poeppigiana (Nees) Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19(4), Beibl. 48: 20. 1894. (Lindau 1894: 20)
Type.
Based on Diantherasecundiflora Ruiz & Pav.
Description.
Subshrub 1–3 m high; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, lamina 10–23 × 3.5–11 cm, obovate-elliptic, apex obtuse to very shortly acuminate, base cuneate, lateral veins 7–10; petioles 2–4 cm. Inflorescences composed of axillary 1-sided spikes, up to 18 cm long these simple or branched, the branches verticillate with 1–4 secondary branches arising at each node; ultimate spikes 2–6 cm long, the flowers c. 3 mm distant, rachis pulverulent; bracts at inflorescence branching points 10 × c. 2 mm, puberulent; floral bracts deltoid 1 × 0.5 mm; bracteoles 2 × 1 mm, deltoid, both puberulent; calyx 4-lobed to near base, lobes 3 × 1 mm; corolla 8 mm long, cream mottled purple, puberulent; anthers superposed, 0.9 × 0.5 mm, subquadrangular, glabrous, lower with a basal appendage. Capsule 15–16 × 2.5 mm, oblong, puberulent, 4-seeded; seeds rugose.
Illustration.
Fig. 37.
Photographs of JusticiasecundifloraA, B (Vásquez 46813) Rodolfo Vásquez C, D (Azevedo 174) Igor Azevedo
Habitat.
Lowland rainforest, mostly at altitudes below 600 m, but exceptionally up to 1368 m.
Phenology.
Mostly flowering from June to October.
Distribution.
Amazonian regions of Peru, Amazonian Brazil and the south of Ecuador. Fig. 66.
Material examined.
Peru • Amazonas: Prov. Condorcanqui, Dist. Río Santiago, Cerro Kampankis, 3°06'37"S, 77°46'07"W, 450 m, 6 Aug. 2011, I. Huamantupa et al. 15412 (USM); • ibid., Dist. El Cenepa, Quebrada Satik entsa, 600 ft, 16 July 1974, R. Kayap 1132 (US, USM); • ibid., Comunidad de Tutino, 04°33'05"S, 78°12'54"W, 340 m, 28 July 1977, R. Vásquez et al. 24479 (HUT, US, USM); • ibid., 04°34'05"S, 78°11'53"W, 28 June 1997, R. Vásquez et al. 24289 (USM); • ibid., 04°29'30"S, 78°10'30"W, 300 m, 16 June 1997, R. Vásquez et al. 24052 (USM). Prov. Bagua, rainforest along Río Marañón 2–10 km above mouth of Río Santiago, 250–275 m, 14–15 Oct. 1962, J. Wurdack 2249 (US, USM). • Ayacucho: Prov. La Mar, between Santa Rosa y Hac. Luisiana, 640 m, 8 Sept. 1976, D.C. Wasshausen & F. Encarnación 626 (K, USM); • ibid., 585 m, 7 June 1968, T.R. Dudley 9088B (F). Cusco: Prov. La Convención, Quempiri, caserío Campa, 460–480 m, 24 July 1965, R. Ferreyra 16361 (USM); • ibid., Camp. Malvinas, 11°52'12"S, 72°56'28"W, 23 Sept. 1997, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez & F. Ramírez 9885 (F, K, MO, US, USM); • ibid., Chokoriari, 11°51'S, 72°57'W, 400 m, P. Nuñez et al. 20877 (CUZ, F, USM). • Huánuco: Prov. Puerto Inca, Dist. Codo de Pozuzo, 9°40'S, 75°25'W, 450 m, 18 Oct. 1982, R. Foster 9278 (USM, US); • ibid., Dist. Puerto Inca, Santa Antonio en la cocha, 200 m, 29 Aug. 2019, I. Azevedo & R. Villanueva 174 (HOXA); • ibid., Dist. Rupa-Rupa, Villa Isabel-Cucharas, 550 m, 24 July 1954, F. Woytkowski 1247 (MOL). Prov. Pachitea, western part of Sira mountains, 9°28'S, 74°48'W, 31 July 1988, B. Wallnoefer 115-31788 (US). • Junín: Prov. Satipo, Dist. Río Tambo, Com. Nativa Pichiquia, 11°22'12"S, 74°02'19"W, 1348 m, 13 July 2013, L. Valenzuela et al. 25073 (HOXA, MO). Prov. Chanchamayo, Dist. La Merced, entre Situlli y Cerro Santa Cruz, c. 86 km. de Tingo María, 500–600 m, 3 Aug. 1948, R. Ferreyra 4383 (USM, US). Prov. Datém del Marañón, Dist. Manseriche, Santa Rosa, lower Río Huallaga below Yurimaguas, 135 m, 1–5 Sept. 1929, E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 28833 (US). Loreto: Prov. Alto Amazonas, Dist. Acapulco, 25 March 2009, M. Chocce et al. 4991 (USM); • ibid., Dist. Yurimaguas, Between Yurimaguas and Balsapuerto (lower Río Huallaga basin), 135–150 m, 26–31 Aug. 1929, E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 28343 (F, US); • ibid., Dist. Balsapuerto (lower Río Huallaga basin), 150–350 m, 28–30 Aug. 1929, E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 28635 (F, US); • ibid., E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 28654 (US). Prov. Ucayali, Dist. Pampa Hermosa, Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul, Sector PV-106, 175 m, 15 Sept. 2002, R. Vásquez et al. 47524 (USM). • Madre de Dios: Prov. Manu, P.N. Manu, 5 km due north of Est. Biol. Cocha Cashu, 11°52'S, 71°22'W, 15 Aug. 1983, Al. Gentry 43606 (MO); • ibid., 11°40'S, 71°55'W, 400–450 m, 2 Oct. 1986, R. B. Foster et al. 11581 (F); • ibid., 15 Aug. 1976, R. B. Foster & C. Augspurger 3160 (F); • ibid., Cocha Cashu uplands, 11°45'S, 71°0'W, 400 m, 22 Aug. 1986, P. Nuñez 5895 (USM); • ibid., 5 Sept. 1989, A. Tupayachi 1196 (CUZ27808). • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Palcazú, Iscozacin, Est. Biol. Paujil, 10°21'27"S, 75°14'50"W, 405 m, 13 Aug. 2010, J. Perea et al. 4501 (HOXA, USM); • ibid., 10°20'58"S, 75°16'10"W, 386 m, 17 Aug. 2010, J. Perea et al. 4578 (HOXA, USM); • ibid., Ataz, camino al Convento, 10°09'30"S, 75°19'34"W, 375–635 m, 9 Aug. 2008, L. Valenzuela et al. 11965 (HOXA); • ibid., quebrada Ataz, 10°10'06"S, 75°19'23"W, 407 m, 28 May 2009, L. Valenzuela et al. 13035 (HOXA, USM); • ibid., P. N. Yanachaga Chemillén, trocha Estación Biológica Paujil a Pozo Tigre, 400 m, 10°19'55"S, 75°6'00"W, 12 July 2007, A. Monteagudo et al. 14217 (HOXA); • ibid., Dist. Puerto Bermudez, Valle Pichis, Santa Rosa de Chivis, Río Nochos, 9 km SW of Puerto Bermúdez on new highway, 10°20'S, 74°58'W, 300–400 m, 7 Sept. 1982, R. Foster 8595 (MEXU, F, US, USM); • ibid., 375 m, 14–17 July 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 26646 (F, MA, P, US); • ibid., Cahuapanas, on Río Pichis, 340 m, 20–21 July 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 26815 (US); • ibid., Dist. Villa Rica, 0°45'28"S, 74°55'92"W 1355 m, 6 July 2003, J. Perea & C. Mateo 0194 (HOXA, US). • San Martin: Prov. San Martín, Dist. Tarapoto, 1835, A. Mathews 1596 (K, OXF). Prov. Tocache, Dist. Tocache, Río Huallaga, fundo Miramar, a 3 km de Tocache Nuevo, 400 m, 19 Aug. 1969, J. Schunke Vigo 3352 (F, MOL, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Uchiza, Cachuyacu de Lepuna, 450–500 m, 11 July 1974, J. Schunke Vigo 7314 (F, US, USM). Prov. Bellavista, Dist. Alto Biavo, Sector Las Palmas, Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul, Puesto de Control 20 “Mojarra”, 7°35'S, 76°11'W, 772 m, 13 Sept. 2019, L. Valenzuela et al. 36857 (HOXA). • Ucayali: Prov. Padre Abad, Río Aguaytía, carretera a Caserío San Miguel y Mapuya, 350 m, 9°05'S, 75°26'W, J. Schunke Vigo & J.G. Graham 16210 (F, MOL, US).
Lectotypification.
Of the original material of Diantherasecundiflora at Madrid, MA815540 is much the best material and is accordingly chosen as the lectotype. In describing Leptostachyapoeppigiana Nees cited two collections by Poeppig, “In Maynas et ad Egam [Tefe]oppidum, circum flumen Amazonum”, the former from Peru and the latter from Brazil. Two specimens from Egam are annotated by Nees, one in his own herbarium (GZU-000250901) and one in Vienna (W-00499940). Neither specimen is very adequate but as GZU-000250901 is a fragment, apparently removed from W-0049994, the latter is selected as lectotype, being the original material. There is a fragment also apparently removed from the Vienna specimen at the Smithsonian (US-02880220).
Note.
Acevedo-Rodriguez 9885 from Cusco, La Convención, has lanceolate (rather than deltoid), less obviously puberulent bracts and a larger corolla and may represent a different species.
Species 38–45 Miscellaneous species with large corollas exceeding 2.5 cm in length and which do not fit any of the earlier groupings.
Justicia
sericea
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
38.
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.1: 12. 1798 (Ruiz & Pavón 1798: 12)
A83EF6B9-0A8E-5AC1-A770-35EEF963EB17
Type.
Peru • [Junín], Tarma, Ruiz & Pavon s.n. (lectotype MA-815544, designated here, possible isolectotypes BC-872769, BM-000992567, MA-815543, MA-817208, OXF-00194108, US- 02880852).
Description.
Shrub 1–2 m high, stems sericeous, often with dark corky deposits on angles. Leaves subsessile, lamina 3.5–6.5 × 1–1.5 cm, lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, acute, sericeous, coriaceous, yellow-green, lateral veins c. 3 pairs. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary and terminal spikes, 2.5–3 cm long; bracts oblong-ovate, acuminate, 15 × 4–5 mm; bracteoles linear; calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, 10 × 2 mm; corolla c. 4.5 cm long, red, hirsute, upper lip 2 cm long, emarginate, lower lip with lobes ovate, 1.5 cm long; anthers purplish, the thecae 2.5–3 × 0.75 mm, held at same level, slightly unequal, parallel, glabrous, base acute. Capsule 22 × 7 mm, oblong, clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds 5 × 4 mm, wrinkled.
Illustration.
Fig. 38.
Photographs of Justiciasericea by Hamilton Beltrán.
Phenology.
Flowering mostly in the dry season from October to May.
Habitat.
Dry Andean Forest on stony ground. Almost restricted to 2400–3400 m, thus growing at higher altitudes than other species except J.alpina.
Distribution.
NW Peru and southern Ecuador, one of the few species of Justicia found on both sides of the Andean cordillera. Fig. 67.
Material examined.
Peru • sine data: Maclean s.n. (K); “Huanca”, Pearce 495 (K). • Ancash: Prov. Huaraz, 8000 ft, 6 Oct. 1922, MacBride & Featherstone 2521 (F, US); • ibid., Purchased in Huaraz market, 14 March 1964, P. Hutchinson & J. Wright 4376 (US, USM); • ibid., 15 km S of Huaraz, 09°41'S, 77°29'W, 3450 m, 27 Jan. 1985, D. Smith et al. 9386 (US, USM).Prov. Huaylas, debajo de Huaylas, 2500 m, 4 July 1988, E. Cerrate et al. 8984 (USM). Prov. Pallasca, Dist. Conchucos, 2900–3150 m, 25 May 2012, A. Cano et al. 21245 (USM). Prov. Bolognesi, Entre Chiquian y Aquia, 2900–3000 m, 18 May 1950, R. Ferreyra 7553 (K, MO, MOL, US, USM); • ibid., Entre Chiquian y Tallenga, 3000 m, 14 March 1903, A. Weberbauer 2857 (MOL, USM); • ibid., near Huasta, 10000 ft, 1970, C. Boutin 26975 (US); • ibid., Dist. Pacllón, Llamac, 9000ft, M. Slesser 6 (K); • ibid., Dist. Chiquian, road from Chiquian to Huallanca, 3220 m, 17 March 2001, M. Weigend 5192 (HUT). • Ayacucho: Prov. Huanta, NE of Huanta, 3200 m, 1–10 Feb. 1926, A. Weberbauer 7520 (F, US). • Cajamarca: Between Cajamarca and Huánuco, Matthews 796 (K, OXF). Prov. Cajamarca, Baños del Inca, El Chicche-Sengal, 2800 m, 10 Feb. 2001, I. Sánchez Vega 10371 (CPUN, F). Prov. Contumazá, Dist. Chilete, Bosque de Huertas, L. Dávila 847 (Laboratorio de dendrología, Cajamarca). • Huancavelica: Prov. Huancavelica, Cañón del Río Mantaro, north of Mejorada, 2940 m, 28 Oct. 1957, P.C. Hutchison 1671 (F, K, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Izcuhaca, 8600 ft, 16 April 1960, S.C.E. Saunders 479 (K). • Huánuco: Quinna, 28 Oct. 1927. M. Sawada P98 (F). • Junín: Prov. Huancayo, Dist. Huancayo, Cerro Corona del Fraile, Jan. 1948. J. Soukup 3581 (US); • ibid., Dist. Colca, 3120 m, 18 Nov. 1989, G. Yarupaitán 49 (USM); • ibid., Dist. El Tambo, Hac. la Mejorada, 2900 m, W. Hoffman 159 (USM); • ibid., Cercanías de Pasco, al paso del ferrocarril a Huancavelica, 3000 m, 20 Jan. 1950, C. Ochoa 762 (US). Prov. Jauja, Dist. Acolla, 3600 m, 29 Oct. 1979, C. Hastorf 156 (USM). Prov. Tarma, Dist. Acobamba, 3021 m, 8 Dec. 1999, M. Binder & A. Daxberger 417 (USM); • ibid., Santuario de Muruhuay, camino San Ramón–La Merced, 2800 m, Nov. 1948, C. Ochoa 625 (MOL, US); • ibid., Sector 9 de Octubre, alrededores de Muruhuay, 2800 m, 25 Oct. 2007, J.L. Marcelo Peña 2931 (MOL, USM); • ibid., Cerca de Acobamba, 3000 m, 11 Aug. 1961, Pizarro s.n. (USM). Prov. Yauli, Dist. Paccha, a 20 km, sur de Huancayo, 25 April 1961, O. Tovar 3284 (MO, US); • ibid., O. Tovar 3315 (USM). • La Libertad: Prov. Otuzco, 2615 m, 19 June 1950, O. Velarde 3567 (US); • ibid., Río Pollo, 2625 m, 109 June 1950, N. Angulo 0930 (US, USM); • ibid., Río Huangamarca arriba, 2600 m, 26 Sept. 1997, E. Rodríguez et al. 1872 (HUT); • ibid., Trujillo–Otuzco road, 7 km from Otuzco, 2550 m, 13 Feb. 1983, D.N. Smith & R. Vásquez 3254 (US); • ibid., Dist. Agallpampa, abajo de José Balta, 2600 m, 30 Oct. 1993, S. Leiva 954 (F, HUT, MO, US). Prov. Trujillo, 2–3 km, arriba de Otuzco, carretera Trujillo–Otuzco, 2500 m, 15 May 1948, R. Ferreyra 2976 (MOL, USM). • Lima: Prov. Cajatambo, Dist. Cajatambo, 16 Oct. 1966, La Rosa 1805 (USM). Prov. Oyón, Dist. Oyón, Oyón, 2400 m, March 1987, O. Cuya 209 (USM); • ibid., Viroc, 10°41'50"S, 76°49'29"W, 3040 m, 1 June 2013, C. Aedo & J. Molina 20631 (USM). Prov. Canta, Dist. San Buenaventura, San Buenaventura, en el camino del Puente Verde, 2600 m, 10 April 2010, G. Vilcapoma 7934 (USM). Prov. Huaral, Dist. San Miguel de Acos, Huascoy, 3300 m, 5 Sept. 1974, P. Waechter s.n. (USM). • Pasco: Camino entre la Quinua y Huariaca, 24 Nov. 1927, N. Esposto s.n. (MOL); • ibid., debajo de Chicón, 3120 m, 8 Feb. 1984, S. Rivas et al. s.n. (USM); • ibid., Cerro de Pasco-Huánuco, km 40, 10°28.5'S, 76°10.8'W, 3400 m, 22 Aug. 2002, A.N. Schmidt-Lebuhn 525 (USM). Prov. Pasco, Dist. Huariaca, between Cerro de Pasco and Ambo, 3000 m, 24 Nov. 1945, R.J. Seibert 2212, 2213, 2214 (US); • ibid., Dist. Ticlacayan, Piquilhuanca, 3.3 km al sur de Huariaca, 2950 m, 10 Aug. 2001, S. Baldeón et al. 4942 (USM).
Lectotypification.
The lectotype has been selected from material at MA. MA815544 is the most complete material and has the label Tarma as specified in the protologue.
Justicia
lactiflora
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
39.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
5F98ACC2-69F5-54F2-8A00-73194064F8C6
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363430-1
Type.
Peru • Ucayali, Prov. Padre Abad, Pucallpa–Tingo María road, km 139, Puente Chio, 10 Sept. 1980, P.J.M. Maas et al. 4554 (holotype US-2949117, isotypes K-000544763, U, USM).
Diagnosis.
Clambering shrub similar in habit to Justiciascansilis and J.pyrrhostachya, differing most clearly from the former by the greenish lanceolate bracts up to 3 mm wide (not ovate, reddish, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2.5 cm) and from the latter by the white or whitish flowers (not red or orange-red) and the membranous (not scarious) bracts only c. 12–15 × 3 mm (not more than 15 × 10 mm).
Description.
Isophyllous clambering shrub 1–8 m in height; stems woody below, bifariously hirtellous. Leaves petiolate, lamina 4–13 × 1.2–5.3 cm, ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces puberulent when young soon glabrescent, abaxially paler, minutely punctate, lateral veins 6 pairs; petioles 0.3–1.7 cm, puberulent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary and terminal, foliose, cymose capitula; primary peduncles to 3 cm long, bifariously puberulent; pedicels 0–0.9 mm, puberulent; bracts 12 × 3 mm, lanceolate, pubescent; bracteoles similar but only c. 1–2 mm long; calyx 5-lobed, lobes 10–11 × 2.5–3 mm, lanceolate, acuminate to a very acute apex, minutely pubescent; corolla c. 3 cm long, white, variously suffused with purple, the veins prominent, thinly pubescent, upper lip hooded c. 10 × 12 mm, ovate, emarginate, lower lip broadly ovate to suborbicular, c. 20 × 20 mm, very shallowly 3-lobed, lobes c. 1 × 2–3 mm; filaments glabrous, anther thecae 2 × 1.5 mm, superposed, parallel, pubescent, shortly oblong, lower with white basal appendage; pollen prolate, 46–47 × 29 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 7–8 peninsulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 51F); ovary pilose, style pilose. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 39.
JusticialactifloraA habit B detail of bract indumentum C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla G anther H ovary and style base. Drawn from J. Schunke Vigo & J.G. Graham 16107 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
The epithet “lactiflora” refers to the distinctive milk-white corollas of this species.
Phenology.
Found in flower principally between August and October with a few sporadic records from other months.
Habitat.
Primary tropical forest on alluvial soil, often in scrub along river banks, 100–470 (–1000) m.
Distribution.
Endemic Amazonian Peru and restricted to Loreto and Ucayali. Fig. 68.
Material examined.
Peru. Loreto: Prov. Maynas, Punchana near Iquitos, 100 m, 7 April 1948, R. Ferreyra & H.J. Corner 3346 (MOL, US, USM); • ibid., Dist. Iquitos, 100 m, Aug. 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 27471 (F, US); • ibid., Explorer’s Inn, near Indiana, Río Amazon below Iquitos, 130 m, 3°30'S, 73°3'W, 15 Feb. 1989, Al. Gentry et al. 65850 (MO). Ucayali: Prov. Coronel Portillo [General Portillo], entre Sinchono y Boquerón, hacia Pucallpa, 1000–1100 m, 15 Aug. 1946, R. Ferreyra 1107 (US, USM). Prov. Padre Abad, the type collection; • ibid., Dist. Padre Abad, Aguaytía, 180 m, 26 Aug. 1946, F. Woytkowski 34443 (F); • ibid., Pampa Yurac, 300 m, 9 Sept. 2004, J. Schunke V. & J.G. Graham 15882 (MO, US); • ibid., Aguaytía, 9°05'S, 75°32'W, 28 Sept. 2004, J. Schunke V. & J.G. Graham 16107 (F, MOL, US); • ibid., Previsto, Río Yurac, 420 m, 16 Oct. 1962, F. Woytkowski 7610 (US, MO); • ibid., Boquerón de Padre Abad, along Río Chino, 300 m, 8 Aug. 1946, F. Woytkowski 34339 (F, MO); • ibid., 470 m, 8 Aug. 1946, F. Woytkowski s.n. (USM 72643).
Note.
The corolla is variously reported as white or white with various types of purple markings, but it is unclear whether this is because the corolla varies in colour from plant to plant or at various stages of its development.
Justicia
bambusiformis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
40.
J.R.I.Wood & R, Villanueva sp. nov.
C76F894B-836C-525F-AC2C-9F3EFBF69AE9
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363431-1
Type.
Peru • Cusco, Prov. La Convención, Dist. Echarate, Llactahuaman, N del Río Apurímac, NE of Pueblo Libre, 12°51'55.5"S, 73°30'40"W 1650 m, 14 July 1998, S. Baldeón et al. 3215 (holotype US-3379708, isotype USM).
Diagnosis.
Distinctive species because of its tall, stout, subcylindrical stems, the flowers in short elongate cymose structures, mostly 2–4 cm in length, arranged in verticels in the axis of the leaves, the bracts reduced to scales.
Description.
Subshrub 1.5–4 m high; stems erect or ascending, bamboo-like in form, slender, pubescent with crisped, multicellular hairs. Leaves petiolate, lamina 10–17 × 2–4.5 cm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate, base attenuate, dark green, adaxially glabrous to very thinly pubescent with scattered hairs, abaxially glabrous apart from puberulent midveins; petioles 5–8 mm, puberulent. Inflorescence a long leafy raceme, at least 25 cm in length, possibly much more; flowers in slender elongate cymose structures, mostly 2–4 cm in length, several arising in the axils at each node; rhachis shortly but densely pubescent; bracts scale-like, c. 0.5 mm long; bracteoles linear, 2.5 × 0.5 mm; calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 3 × 0.5 mm, ciliolate, puberulent; corolla 15–23 mm long, creamy-white/yellow, puberulent on exterior, cylindrical, 2-lipped, upper lip 8 mm long, notched, lower lip shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes c. 1 mm long, oblong, rounded; filaments glabrous, anther thecae weakly superposed, 1.25 mm long, upper apiculate at base, lower with a basal appendage; pollen prolate-perprolate, 38–40 × 19–20 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 5–8 insulae, (some coalescing) on either side of aperture (Fig. 52A); ovary oblong, acute to rostrate, 2.5–3 mm, glabrous, style puberulent, 20 mm long. Capsule 15 × 3 mm, clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds 2 × 2 mm, glabrous, lenticular.
Illustration.
Fig. 40.
JusticiabambusiformisA habit B detail of abaxial surface of leaf C portion of inflorescence showing bracteole D calyx E corolla F anther G exterior of capsule valve H interior of capsule valve showing seed J seed. A, F drawn from Dudley 10440 G, J from Baldeon 3215 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
The epithet “bambusiformis” refers to the distinctive habit of the species with its stout, subcylindrical stems and pseudoverticels of flowers in the leaf axils, recalling the habit of cloud forest bamboos of the genus Chusquea Kunth.
Phenology.
Found in flower in June and July.
Habitat.
Ceja de monte. Edge of bamboo thickets in cloud forest, 1650–1700 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Cusco, La Convención. Fig. 69.
Material examined.
Peru • Cusco: La Convención, 12°38'S, 73°36'W, 1700 m, 25 June 1968, T.R. Dudley 10440 (NA, US); • ibid., Dist. Echarate, the type; • ibid., Echarate, Katarompanaki, 12°11'12"S, 72°28'13"W, 1800 m, N. Salinas et al. 6840 (USM).
Justicia
valenzuelae
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
41.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
26BB1206-28EA-5358-81B1-FADAFF8781B3
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363432-1
Type.
Peru • Cusco, [Prov. La Convención], Dist. Vilcabamba, Oyara, Cedropata, 13°04'37"S, 72°49'09"W, 2133 m, 19 Feb. 2007, L. Valenzuela et al. 8722 (holotype FHO-00141081, isotype MO).
Diagnosis.
The inflorescence is somewhat similar to that of Justiciacolorata (Nees) Wassh. from Ecuador but the new species is distinguished by the yellow or cream corolla 2.3–2.7 cm long (not red or purple, 3.7–4.5 cm long) and shorter calyx up to 10 mm long (not 12–15 mm long).
Description.
Subshrub 0.4–1 m high, stems woody below, sulcate, bifariously pubescent with crisped, dark reddish hairs. Leaves petiolate, lamina somewhat oblique, 2.5–17 × 1–7.5 cm, quite variable in size on the same branch, narrowly elliptic, acuminate at apex and base, margin crenulate to subentire, somewhat hirsute with reddish multicellular hairs when young, especially on the margins and abaxial veins, ± glabrescent, lateral veins relatively prominent, 7–10 pairs; petioles 0.5–5.5 cm, bifariously hirsute, glabrescent. Inflorescence of lax, branched, cymose structures from the upper leaf axils, these up to 12 cm long; peduncles (1–)2.6–5 cm; bracts at inflorescence branching points resembling minute leaves, 0.5–1(–2.7) cm long, somewhat deciduous; secondary peduncles 0.5–3 cm; rhachis 0–3 (–6) cm long; flowers mostly alternate, borne on short persistent pedicels 0.5–1 mm long; floral bracts narrowly oblanceolate, 3 × 1 mm, hirtellous; bracteoles similar, 2 × 1 mm, linear, hirtellous, caducous; calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 7–10 × 1 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, hirtellous; corolla 2.3–2.7 cm long, yellow, hirsute in bud, tube c. 1.2 cm long, upper lip c. 13 mm, notched, lower lip c. 1.4 cm long, shallowly 3-lobed; filaments glabrous, yellow; anthers purple, thecae c. 2 × 0.75 mm, linear, parallel, glabrous, very weakly superposed, lower with a small basal appendage; pollen prolate-perprolate, 46–50 × 22–25 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 7–9 distinct insulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 52B); ovary and style glabrous. Capsule and seed not seen.
Illustration.
Fig. 41.
JusticiavalenzuelaeA habit B detail of indumentum of abaxial leaf surface C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla G anther H ovary and style base. Drawn from Valenzuela 8722 by Margaret Tebbs
Etymology.
The epithet “valenzuelae” commemorates Luis Valenzuela, important Peruvian botanist and plant collector, who made nearly all collections of this species.
Phenology.
Found in flower from October to April.
Habitat.
Humid montane subtropical forest, 2133–2950(–3300) m.
Distribution.
Endemic to southern Peru. Fig. 69.
Material examined.
Peru • Cusco: Prov. La Convención, Dist., Santa Teresa, Yanatile, 13°05'S, 72°23'W, 2950 m, 16 April 2005, L. Valenzuela et al. 5371 (FHO, MO); • ibid., Dist. Vilcabamba, the type; • ibid., Dist. Huayopata, Pistipata drainage, 10 km SW of Incatambo, 2380 m, 5 Oct. 1982, B. Peyton & S. King 1417 (MO, US); • ibid., Incatambo, quebrada Curcur, 13°04'07"S, 72°27'05"W, 2477 m, 23 Nov. 2007, L. Valenzuela et al. 4521 (CUZ); • ibid., 13°04'07"S, 72°26'49"W, 2630 m, 24 April 2007, L. Valenzuela et al. 9554 (CUZ); • ibid., Espiritupampa, 13°03'S, 73°05'W, 3300 m, 15 Oct 2003, E. Suclli et al. 1318 (US); ibid, Dist. Santa Ana, Poromate, 12°56'57"S, 72°47'20"W, 2302 m, 17 June 2003, G. Calatayud et al. 1504 (CUZ); • ibid., Dist. Santa Ana, Tunquimayo, 12°54'47"S, 72°49'34"W, 2367 m, 25 Sept. 2004, G. Calatayud et al. 2890 (FHO, MO); • ibid., Dist. Maranura, 12°52'01"S, 72°32'46"W, 2200 m, 15 April 2004, G. Calatayud et al. 2182 (CUZ); • ibid., Dist. Santa Teresa, subida a Yerbabuenayoc, Rocotol, 13°04'S, 72°22'W, 2420 m, I. Huamantupa et al. 0712 (FHO, MO); • ibid., Balconpata, 12°52'01"S, 72°32'46"W, 2200 m 15 April 2004, G. Calatayud et al. 2182 (FHO, MO). Prov. Urubamba, Dist. Machu Picchu, Alcamayo, 13°09'59"S, 72°30'57"W, 2200–2500 m, 23 Feb. 2003, L. Valenzuela et al. 1482 (CUZ); • ibid., 13°09'25"S, 72°30'58"W, 2600 m, 15 May 2003, I. Huamantupa et al. 3085 (CUZ).
Note.
Specimens of this species have been identified as Stenostephanus sp. but the anthers are bithecous. The flowers are variously reported as yellow or white (Valenzuela et al. 3014 as red). The leaves may be entire or crenate.
Justicia
huallagensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
42.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood sp. nov.
D71EA267-1158-5F8A-B8A1-11596FF62B36
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363433-1
Type.
Peru • San Martin, Prov. San Martin, 15 km E of Shapaja on road to Chazuta, Quebrada Chumia, near Mal Paso, Chumia on Río Huallaga, 6°36'S, 76°10'W, 250–300 m, 4 Aug. 1986, S. Knapp 7879 (holotype MO-3518887, isotypes F-1992309, US-3082657).
Diagnosis.
A new species resembling Justiciamalacophylla Leonard in having the inflorescence formed of long axillary and terminal spikes, mostly > 8 cm long, and in the persistent linear or lanceolate bracts, but differing in the glabrous leaves (not abaxially pubescent), longer, linear bracts 12–22 mm long with recurved tips (not 5–7 mm long, lanceolate with erect tips) and a white corolla 5–5.5 cm long (not red, 3.5–4 cm long).
Description.
Shrub to 1.5 m high; stems somewhat sulcate, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, equal or unequal in each pair, lamina 6–27 × 2.5–10 cm, broadly oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate, base attenuate, both surfaces glabrous, lateral veins 13–15 pairs, adaxially with abundant small cystoliths, abaxially paler; petioles 0.4–5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary, spikes arising from the upper leaf axils, the terminal spikes up to 14 cm long, the axillary spikes shorter, the lowermost apparently infertile, flowers up to 15 mm apart, mostly in opposite pairs; peduncles 1.5–3.4 cm, glabrous; bracts at base of terminal inflorescence, foliose, petiolate, c. 1.5 × 0.5 cm; rachis glabrous; floral bracts linear, acute, 15–20 × 1 mm, puberulent; bracteoles similar but shorter and narrower, c. 12–14 × 0.5–1 mm; calyx 5-lobed to near base, lobes 14–16 × 1 mm, linear, acuminate, minutely puberulent; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, white, pubescent on the exterior, 2-lipped, tube 40 × 3 mm; upper lip c. 15 mm long, notched, lower lip slightly longer, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes c. 1.5 mm long, the laterals ovate, the central rounded; filaments with a few scattered hairs, anthers included, thecae c. 2.5 × 0.75 mm, oblong, both with a short basal appendage, parallel, superposed, glabrous; pollen prolate, 33–35 × 23–25 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1–2 rows of indistinct insulae either side of the aperture (Fig. 52C); style glabrous. Capsule 17–18 × 2.5 cm, weakly clavate, puberulent, 4-seeded; seeds rounded, c. 2.25 mm dia., rugose.
Illustration.
Fig. 42.
JusticiahuallagensisA habit B detail of abaxial surface of the leaf C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla opened out to show stamens G anther H capsule, exterior (left), interior (right), J seed. Drawn from Knapp 7879 by Margaret Tebbs
Etymology.
The epithet “huallagensis” refers to the Río Huallaga, whose valley runs through San Martin and is the site of many endemic species, including several species of Justicia.
Phenology.
Found in flower at the beginning of August.
Habitat.
Humid lowland tropical forest along a stream, 300 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru and only known from the type locality in San Martin. Fig. 68.
Material examined.
Peru • San Martin: Type collection.
Note.
The bracts are longer than the calyx and bracteoles and often become twisted, giving the inflorescence an untidy, “whiskery” appearance. The white corolla is also notably long. The relationships of this species are not obvious.
Justicia
oxapampensis
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
43.
R.Villanueva & J.R.I.Wood, sp nov.
9B47CD42-A97F-5A4D-BD3D-EF72129F0067
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363434-1
Type.
Peru • Pasco, Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Palcazú, P.N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, Estación Biológica Paujil, 10°19'26"S, 75°15'50"W, 399 m, 10 Aug. 2014, R. Vásquez 39073 (holotype MO-6720846, isotype USM).
Diagnosis.
A new species with no obvious affinity to other Peruvian species but superficially resembling Justiciaholgueri Wassh. and J.balslevii Wassh. from Ecuador in the lax subterminal spikes with near white corollas, but distinguished from both by the larger corollas, c. 19 mm long (not 11–12 mm) and the distinctive broadly oblong-elliptic, slightly oblique, pilose leaves up to 8 cm wide (not subglabrous, < 4 cm wide).
Description.
Erect herb 50–60 cm high; stems hirsute with patent white, large-celled hairs mixed with shorter curled gland-tipped hairs. Leaves petiolate, lamina 6–16 × 3–8 cm, broadly oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate, base somewhat oblique, broadly to narrowly cuneate and decurrent on the petiole, margin entire to obscurely crenulate, cystoliths prominent, adaxially thinly pilose, abaxially pilose, more densely so on veins, lateral veins 7–8 pairs; petioles 2.5–5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of lax pedunculate spikes 4–7 cm long, terminal or arising from the upper leaf axils, pilose with gland-tipped hairs; peduncles 1–6 cm, pilose; flowers in opposite pairs, 3–10 mm apart; bracts at base of spike 2–4 cm long, resembling reduced leaves, floral bracts 9–10 × 1.3 mm, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, glandular-pubescent; bracteoles 4–5 × 0.75 mm; calyx subequally 5-lobed, lobes 7 × 1 mm, lanceolate, pilose with gland-tipped hairs; corolla c. 1.9 cm long, white with pale blue lower lip, glandular-puberulent, tube 10 mm long, scarcely widened upwards to 2 mm, upper lip 5 mm long, ovate, obtuse, minutely notched, lower lip with pale blue “herring bone” patterning, 3-lobed, central lobe suborbicular, rounded, laterals oblong; anther thecae oblong 1.25 × 0.5 mm, superposed, the connective stout, lower theca with a white appendage; pollen c. 32 × 18 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 7 indistinct insulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 52D). Capsule 16 × 4 mm, clavate, pilose with gland-tipped hairs, 4-seeded; seeds lenticular, 2.5 × 2 mm, brown with pale margin, scabrous.
Illustration.
Photographs of JusticiaoxapampensisA Igor Azevedo B, D (Villanueva 963) Rosa Villanueva
JusticiaoxapampensisA habit B cross section of stem showing trichomes C leaf margin showing trichomes D bract E bracteole F calyx G corolla opened out showing androecium H anther I capsule valve (interior) J capsule valve (exterior) K seed. A, H drawn from Van der Werff 18236 I, K from Vásquez 39073 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
This species is one of several new taxa described from the Oxapampa region of Pasco in central Peru. Oxapampa is commemorated in this name because it seems to be a hotspot for endemic species of Justicia.
Phenology.
Flowers mainly in the winter dry season from May to August, with one isolated record from January.
Habitat.
Forested slopes, 380–1600 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to the Oxapampa area in Junín, Peru. Fig. 68.
Material examined.
Peru • Pasco/Junín: Pichis trail, Yapas [10°19'53"S, 74°53'28"W approx.], 1350–1600 m, 28–29 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25571 (US). • Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, along road Chatarra–Cacazu, 10°32'S, 75°04'W, 890 m, 10 July 2003, H. Van der Werff 18236 (HOXA, MO, US); • ibid., Dist. Oxapampa, Comunidad Nativa Alto Lagarto-Convento (Reserva Comunal Yanesha), 10°08'04"S, 75°22'06"W, 500 m, 30 June 2014, R. Rojas & G. Ortiz 9280 (HOXA); • ibid., Dist. Palcazú, Iscozacin, 10°12'S, 75°15'W, 380 m, 11 Jan. 1984, R. Foster et al. 7872 (US, MO, USM); • ibid., Com Nativa Santa Rosa de Chuchurras, 10°08'24"S, 75°13'05"W, 27 Aug. 2007, L. Hernan 0300 (USM); • ibid., P.N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, Est. Biol. Paujil 10°19'26"S, 75°15'50"W, 399 m, 10 Aug. 2014, R. Vásquez 39073 (MO, USM); ibid, Dist. Villa Rica, camino Bella Esperanza–Sares, 10°32'23"S, 75°04'19"W 696 m, 26 July 2010, R. Vásquez et al. 36722 (HOXA, USM). • Huánuco: Prov. Puerto Inca, Dist. Codo de Pozuzo, Pozuzo–Codo road, 9°40'27"S, 75°27'43"W, 395 m, 7 Aug. 2023, R. Villanueva et al. 963 (HOXA); • ibid., 28 Aug. 2019, I. Azevedo & R. Villanueva 156 (HOXA).
Note.
Once noticed the leaf shape and unusual leaf base combined with the relatively long petioles are very distinctive.
Justicia
falcifolia
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
44.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
E4F23771-E2CE-5CE0-B7B9-DA7F0EAA0FCA
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363435-1
Type.
Peru • Pasco, Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Villa Rica, Antiguo camino hacia Cacazú, Centro Poblado Palma, zona de Amortiguamiento, P. N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, 10°39'57"S, 75°10'41"W, 1760–1850 m, 29 May 2005, E.M. Ortiz 660 (holotype MO-6409873, isotypes MOL, HOXA, US, USM).
Diagnosis.
Bears a superficial resemblance to Justiciasquarrosa Griseb. in the size and shape of the leaves and the size, shape and colour of the corolla, but leaves reticulate beneath, the inflorescence elongate, clearly spicate (not subcapitulate) and the bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 8–9 mm long, straight (not filiform, mostly 10–20 mm long, and curled).
Description.
Liana to 5 m in height; stems roughly hirsute, glabrescent when old and woody. Leaves shortly petiolate, lamina somewhat coriaceous, 3–9.5 × 1–3 cm, ovate, apex long-acuminate and strongly falcate, base rounded, somewhat oblique, margin obscurely crenulate, both surfaces roughly pilose with scattered hairs, adaxially weakly bullate, with cystoliths, abaxially somewhat reticulate with raised venation, lateral veins 6–7 pairs; petioles 0.3–1 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of dense, shortly pedunculate axillary and terminal spikes 2–6 cm long; flowers imbricate; peduncles 0.4–1 cm, villous; bracts 8–9 (–12) × 1–1.25 mm, linear-lanceolate, pilose; bracteoles similar but smaller, 7 × 1 mm; calyx subequally 5-lobed, lobes 9–11 × 0.75 mm, very narrowly linear-lanceolate, pilose with gland-tipped hairs; corolla c. 2.5–2.7 cm long, deep pink, glandular-pilose on the exterior, basal tube 12–15 mm long, slightly widened upwards from c. 1 mm at base, upper lip c. 12 mm long, notched, lower lip, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes ovate, rounded, 1–2 mm long and wide; filaments 10–11 mm long, glabrous, anther thecae elliptic, glabrous, superposed, the upper theca 1 × 0.75 mm, the lower half the size; pollen prolate, 33–34 × 21–22 μm, 2-aperturate, colporate, 1 row of c. 7–8 distinct insulae on either side of aperture (Fig. 52E); style glabrous, c. 2.5 cm long. Capsule 9 × 2 mm, clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds 2 × 1.5 mm rugose.
Illustration.
Fig. 45.
JusticiafalcifoliaA habit B detail of stem indumentum C abaxial surface of leaf showing indumentum D bract E bracteole F calyx G corolla opened out to show lips and androecium H anther J capsule valves, exterior (left), interior (right) K. seed. A, H drawn from Ortiz 660, J, K from Killip & Smith 25936 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
The epithet “falcifolia” refers to the distinctive falcate leaves, which are characteristic of this species.
Phenology.
Found in flower from March to July.
Habitat.
Montane forest from approximately 1500 and 2300 m. Fig. 69.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru in the zone of the Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén.
Material examined.
• Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Villa Rica, the type collection; • ibid., Comunidad Centro Bocaz, Zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Yanachaga, 10°39'16.8"S, 75°10'39.2"W, 1300–1700 m, 12 April 2006, S. Vilca et al. 664 (HOXA); • ibid., Dist. Oxapampa, sector Santa Cruz, Fundo Pocras, 10°39'06"S, 75 20'36"W, 2306 m, March 2010, Y. Ojeda & J. Vargas 1433 (USM). • Junín/ Pasco: Pichis trail, Porvenir [11°36'S, 74°03'W approx], 1500–1900 m, 3–4 July 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25936 (F, US).
Justicia
hyalina
Taxon classificationPlantaeLamialesAcanthaceae
45.
J.R.I.Wood & R.Villanueva sp. nov.
836B8F31-66AD-5B68-AAE0-F28C36834630
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77363436-1
Type.
Peru • Cusco, Prov. Quispicanchis, Dist. Camanti, Quincemil–Camanti, Río Tunquimao, 13°15'76"S, 70°80'78"W, 801 m, 7 Feb. 2011, J.D. Wells, P. Centeno & M. Hammett 1258 (holotype USM, isotype BRIT).
Diagnosis.
An apparently isolated species, not obviously comparable with other species of Justicia but distinguished by the very large oblong-elliptic leaves, by the short, rather delicate, usually paired inflorescences arising in each leaf axil, the large, pale yellow corollas and especially the linear-oblanceolate hyaline floral bracts.
Description.
Shrub 1–5 m high; stems bifariously scurfy-hirtellous. Leaves petiolate, lamina 13–25 × 2.8–7.3 cm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate to a fine point, base cuneate, margin entire, sparsely to densely ciliolate with multicellular hairs; adaxially glabrous apart from scurfy-pubescent veins towards the base, abaxially paler, the veins puberulent, sometimes when young thinly pubescent with multicellular hairs, venation somewhat prominent, the laterals 9–10 pairs; petioles 1.8–4.5 cm, scurfy-hirtellous. Inflorescence terminal, with 2–3 cymes arising from each of the uppermost leaf axils, the whole inflorescence dense and fragile in texture; cymes 5–6 cm long; primary peduncles 1–2.3 cm, crisped-pubescent; secondary peduncles and pedicels shorter but similar in indumentum; bracts linear-oblanceolate to spathulate, 8–9 × 1–2 mm, dotted with minute glands, subglabrous to sparsely ciliolate especially apically, thin and hyaline in texture; bracteoles linear, 5 × 0.75 mm; calyx lobes 13–14 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, tapering to a fine point, subglabrous to ciliolate apically; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, cream to yellowish, in bud minutely puberulent on the exterior towards base, strongly 2-lipped, tube c. 1.2 cm long, upper lip 1.8 cm long, bilobed, lower lip 1.8 cm long, 3-lobed, lobes c. 3 mm long, the laterals c. 2 mm wide, the central lobe c. 3 mm wide; anther thecae superposed, narrowly oblong, c. 2 × 0.25 mm, both with a white basal appendages c. 0.5 mm long; pollen prolate-perprolate, 59–63 × 25–26 μm, 3-aperturate, colporate, insulae in 1 row on each side of the aperture (Fig. 52F); ovary oblong, glabrous, c. 1.5 × 0.5 mm; style glabrous above, strigose below. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Illustration.
Photographs of JusticiahyalinaA, B (Chambi 79), E (Chambi 924) by B. Chambi, C, D, F (Janovec 3246) A, B, E B. Chambi; C, D, F J. Janovec.
JusticiahyalinaA habit B cross section of stem C bract D bracteole E calyx F corolla opened out to show androecium G anther H ovary and base of style. A, C, H drawn from Chambi, P. Centeno & J.P. Janovec 1310 B from Scolnik 909 by Margaret Tebbs.
Etymology.
The epithet “hyalina” refers to the distinctive hyaline bracts, which are characteristic of this species.
Phenology.
Found in flower in February and May to August.
Habitat.
Low altitude humid cloud forest, 800 to 950 m.
Distribution.
Endemic to Peru and only known from a few locations in Cusco. Fig. 69.
Material examined.
Peru • Cusco: Prov. Paucartambo, Keros–Valle de Kosñipata [13°31'30"S, 71°58'20"W], ca. 950 m., 23–31 June 1948, R. Scolnik 909 (MO); • ibid., Dist. Kosñipata, Patria, 900 m, 5 Aug. 1951, C. Vargas 10235 (CUZ); • ibid., Consuelo, aguada de Asunción, 850 m, 24–30 July 1948, C. Vargas 07355 (CUZ). Prov. Quispicanchis, Dist. Camanti, Propiedad del sr. Bustamante, 13°13'52.32"S, 70°46'45.12"W, 600–1700 m, 19 March 2008, B. Chambi 797 (CAS); • ibid., propiedad privada, 13°14'09.96"S, 70°47'47.4"W, 600–1700 m, 19 March 2008, B. Chambi 924 (CAS); • ibid., Quincemil–Camanti, the type; • ibid., cima de la Montaña de Camanti, [13°15'28"S, 70°46'52"W], 800 m, 28 May 2008, B.R. Chambi et al. 1310 (BRIT); • ibid., trail to mining camp at Río Yanaurco, SE of Quincemil, km 234 Interoceanica-Transamazonica highway, 13°14'37"S, 70°48'45"W, 840–900 m, 18 May 2010, J.L Clark et al. 11525 (MO, US); • ibid., 1–2 km west of Quincemil, 872 m, 12 May 2010, J.L. Clark 11368 (CAS). • Madre de Dios: Prov. Manu, Dist. Madre de Dios, Pantiacolla Ridge, around and up mountain from Pantiacolla Lodge, 18 April 2006, J.P. Janovec 3246 (BRIT).
Pollen images AJusticiaalpinasubsp.machupicchuensis (Stafford 1222) BJ.rojasiae (Vásquez et al. 28272) CJ.pozuzoensis (Villanueva 925) DJ.oppositiflora (Smith & Pretel 4189) EJ.discolorsubsp.discolor (Woytkowski 5824) FJ.discolorsubsp.filisepala (Beltrán 5429). Scale bars: 10 μm.
Pollen images AJusticiachamaecaulis (Encarnación 927) BJ.appendiculata (Villanueva 916) CJ.pelianthia (McDaniel 21499) DJ.tumbesiana (Diaz 5081) EJ.aphelandroides (Wurdack 2245) FJ.sanchezioides (Schunke 12458). Scale bars: 10 μm.
Pollen images AJusticiaradicans (Azevedo 147) BJ.angustituba (Campos & Diaz 2380) CJ.reginaldii (Ferreyra 7070) DJ.baguensis (Van der Werff 14633) EJ.cajamarcensis (Woytkowski 5671) FJ.tenuiflora (Azevedo 281). Scale bars: 10 μm.
Pollen images AJusticiawarmingii (Villanueva 920) BJ.werffii (Van der Werff 15565) CJ.schunkei (Schunke 7599) DJ.spathuliformis (Villanueva 1028) EJ.saccata (Villanueva 997) FJ.lactiflora (Woytkowski 34339). Scale bars: 10 μm.
Pollen images AJusticiabambusiformis (Dudley 10440) BJ.valenzuelae (Valenzuela 8722) CJ.huallagensis (Knapp 7879) DJ.oxapampensis (Villanueva 963) EJ.falcifolia (Ortiz 660) FJ.hyalina (Scolnik 909). Scale bars: 10 μm.
Distribution of Justiciaalpinasubsp.alpina (yellow squares) and J.alpinasubsp.machupicchuensis (red circles) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciacuspidulata (yellow polygon), J.discolorsubsp.discolor (orange circles), J.discolorsubsp.filisepala (red squares) and J.rojasiae (green triangles) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciachimboracensis (yellow circles), J.pozuzoensis (green triangles) and J.oppositiflora (red squares) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciaappendiculata (red circles), J.aphelandroides (yellow square) and J.tumbesiana (green triangle) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciapelianthia (yellow triangles) and J.sanchezioides (blue circles) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciabeckii (yellow triangles), J.rauhii (green circles) and J.siraensis (red squares) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciaramulosa (purple squares), J.radicans (yellow polygons) and J.angustituba (red circle) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciariedeliana (blue circles), J.sprucei (yellow square), J.longibracteata (purple polygons) and J.rusbyi (red triangles) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciareginaldii (light blue circle), J.baguensis (green squares), J.cajamarcensis (yellow triangles) and J.sagasteguii (red polygons) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciadryadum (red circles), J.tenuiflora (green triangles) and J.warmingii (blue squares) in Peru.
Distribution of Justicialineolata in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciachlamydocardioides (red polygons), J.schunkei (blue circles), J.werffii (yellow square) and J.spathuliformis (green triangles) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciasaccata (green squares) and J.chamaecaulis (red circles) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciasecundiflora in Peru
Distribution of Justiciasericea in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciaoxapampensis (yellow triangles), J.lactiflora (red circles) and J.huallagensis (light blue square) in Peru.
Distribution of Justiciabambusiformis (pink polygons), J.valenzuelae (red triangles), J.falcifolia (yellow squares) and J.hyalina (green circles) in Peru.
Supplementary Material
XML Treatment for Justicia alpina
XML Treatment for Justicia alpina subsp. alpina
XML Treatment for Justicia alpina subsp. machupicchuensis
XML Treatment for Justicia cuspidulata
XML Treatment for Justicia chimboracensis
XML Treatment for Justicia rojasiae
XML Treatment for Justicia pozuzoensis
XML Treatment for Justicia oppositiflora
XML Treatment for Justicia discolor
XML Treatment for Justicia discolor subsp. discolor
XML Treatment for Justicia discolor subsp. filisepala
XML Treatment for Justicia chamaecaulis
XML Treatment for Justicia appendiculata
XML Treatment for Justicia tumbesiana
XML Treatment for Justicia pelianthia
XML Treatment for Justicia sanchezioides
XML Treatment for Justicia aphelandroides
XML Treatment for Justicia rauhii
XML Treatment for Justicia siraensis
XML Treatment for Justicia beckii
XML Treatment for Justicia radicans
XML Treatment for Justicia ramulosa
XML Treatment for Justicia angustituba
XML Treatment for Justicia riedeliana
XML Treatment for Justicia sprucei
XML Treatment for Justicia longibracteata
XML Treatment for Justicia rusbyi
XML Treatment for Justicia reginaldii
XML Treatment for Justicia baguensis
XML Treatment for Justicia cajamarcensis
XML Treatment for Justicia sagasteguii
XML Treatment for Justica dryadum
XML Treatment for Justicia lineolata
XML Treatment for Justicia tenuiflora
XML Treatment for Justicia warmingii
XML Treatment for Justicia chlamydocardioides
XML Treatment for Justicia schunkei
XML Treatment for Justicia werffii
XML Treatment for Justicia spathuliformis
XML Treatment for Justicia saccata
XML Treatment for Justicia secundiflora
XML Treatment for Justicia sericea
XML Treatment for Justicia lactiflora
XML Treatment for Justicia bambusiformis
XML Treatment for Justicia valenzuelae
XML Treatment for Justicia huallagensis
XML Treatment for Justicia oxapampensis
XML Treatment for Justicia falcifolia
XML Treatment for Justicia hyalina
The reference list from the paper itself. Each links out to its DOI / PubMed record.
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- 2Bremekamp CEB (1969) An annotated list of the Acanthaceae collected by Miss W.M.A. Brooke on her travels in Bolivia. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Series C.Biological and Medical Sciences 72: 424–433.
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- 4Darbyshire I Vollesen K Ensermu K (2010) Justicia In: Beentje HJ (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 495–601.
- 5Deng YF (2020) Acanthaceae. In: Hong DY (Ed.) Flora of Pan–Himalaya 46.Beijing: Science Press, 39–443.
- 6Dyer WT (1904) Index Kewensis supplement. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- 7Erdtman G (1960) The acetolysis method. A revised description.Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 54(4): 561–564.
- 8Ezcurra C (1988) Novedades nomenclaturales en especies de Justicia (Acanthaceae del norte de la Argentina.Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 25: 347–351.