# Genomic analysis of Plasmodium vivax field isolates circulating in sub-Saharan Africa

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax in sub-Saharan Africa, identifying regional clusters and exploring possible adaptations to Duffy-negative hosts.

## Contribution

The study provides the first detailed genomic analysis of P. vivax in sub-Saharan Africa, revealing distinct genetic clusters and laying the groundwork for understanding parasite adaptation.

## Key findings

- The analysis identified four distinct geographic clusters of P. vivax populations in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Despite limited data from Duffy-negative individuals, no clear evidence of selective pressure on invasion-related genes was found.
- The study highlights the genetic diversity of P. vivax and its regional variation across Africa.

## Abstract

Plasmodium vivax malaria is a major public health problem outside sub-Saharan Africa. However, an increasing number of P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative individuals has been reported across Africa in recent years, raising concerns that the parasites may have evolved alternative pathways to invade reticulocyte and overcome Duffy-negativity. Here, we investigated the global genetic structure and diversity of sub-Saharan African P. vivax populations, exploring possible molecular signatures of adaptation to Duffy-negative hosts. We analyzed 204 previously published P. vivax genome sequences from Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Coral Triangle, and South America and generated whole-genome sequences of 133 P. vivax field isolates collected from 10 sub-Saharan African countries. Our analysis revealed four distinct geographic clusters, with clear contrasts between East/West Africa and the Indian Ocean populations. Despite the limited number of interpretable sequences from Duffy-negative individuals - attributable to low parasitemia - and the lack of clear evidence of selective pressure acting on invasion-related genes of the P. vivax parasite populations circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, our study offers valuable insights into the genetic diversity of P. vivax and lays the groundwork for future research exploring parasite adaptation to Duffy-negative hosts.

Genomic analysis of Plasmodium vivax isolates from ten African countries reveals high diversity and distinct regional clusters, providing a foundation to investigate potential parasite adaptations to Duffy-negative hosts in subSaharan Africa.