# Transcriptional profiling clarifies a program of enzalutamide extreme non-response in lethal prostate cancer

## TL;DR

This study identifies a gene program that predicts which prostate cancer patients will not respond to enzalutamide, suggesting alternative treatments like docetaxel or CDK2 inhibitors.

## Contribution

The study identifies a novel gene program linked to extreme non-response to enzalutamide in prostate cancer.

## Key findings

- The ENR program is associated with proliferation, EMT, and stemness in prostate cancer.
- High ENR program expression correlates with poor AR-targeting outcomes but better docetaxel responses.
- CDK2 suppression reduces ENR program activity and cancer cell viability.

## Abstract

The androgen receptor inhibitor enzalutamide is one of the principal treatments for metastatic prostate cancer. Most patients respond. However, a subset is primary refractory. Seeking to understand enzalutamide extreme non-response (ENR), we analyzed RNA-sequencing in biopsies from men treated prospectively on an enzalutamide clinical trial. We focused on those with ENR (progression within 3 months) vs. long-term response (progression after 24 months). We identified an ENR program linked to proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and stemness. High expression of this program in additional datasets was independently linked to poor tumor control with AR targeting but favorable tumor control with docetaxel, another standard treatment. CDK2 was implicated in the ENR program. CDK2 suppression reduced the ENR program and viability of ENR program-high prostate cancer models. The ENR gene program is predictive of non-response to AR targeting. Patients whose tumors harbor this program may be good candidates for docetaxel or CDK2 inhibitor clinical trials.