# The relationship between confidence and gaze-at-nothing oculomotor dynamics during decision-making

## TL;DR

The study explores how confidence and eye movements relate during decision-making, even when visual stimuli are no longer present.

## Contribution

The paper shows that oculomotor dynamics reflect deliberation and confidence in decision-making, even without visual stimuli.

## Key findings

- Fixations on empty stimulus locations suggest continued deliberation after stimuli disappear.
- More alternating fixations correlate with lower confidence, while longer observation of a target correlates with higher confidence.
- Drift-diffusion models support confidence as a process involving serial evidence-gathering and parallel option consideration.

## Abstract

How does confidence relate to oculomotor dynamics during decision-making? Do oculomotor dynamics reflect deliberation and the buildup of confidence in the absence of visual stimuli? Here we examine the hypothesis that working memory, deliberation, and confidence warp oculomotor dynamics, both in the presence and absence of visual stimuli. We analyzed oculomotor dynamics in a decision-making task in which participants were provided with an abstract context in which to make the decision, and two similar option images which became eventually invisible. We show that fixations between the empty locations in which the images were formerly shown continued after the options disappeared, consistently with a sustained deliberative process facilitated by oculomotor dynamics. Both, oculomotor dynamics and decision patterns remained unchanged regardless of whether the stimuli were visible. Furthermore, our analyses show that the number of alternating fixations between stimuli correlated negatively with the confidence reported after each decision, while the observation time of the selected target correlated positively. Given that decisions in our experimental paradigm are reported in the absence of the stimuli, this suggests a relationship between evidence retrieval from working memory, confidence gathering and oculomotor dynamics. Finally, we performed a model comparison based on predictions from drift-diffusion models to assess the relationship between sequential fixations between images, deliberation and confidence gathering, and the ensuing choice. These analyses supported confidence as a contributing cognitive process encompassing serial evidence-gathering and parallel option consideration during decision-making.