The impact of maternal gum disease on pregnancy outcomes using PRAMS data

TL;DR

This study finds that gum disease during pregnancy is linked to higher risks of low birth weight and small for gestational age babies, especially in younger and minority women.

Contribution

The study provides new national prevalence data and demonstrates a strong association between maternal gum disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Findings

The prevalence of gum disease among pregnant women is 207 cases per 100,000.

Maternal gum disease is associated with a 3.51 times higher risk of low birth weight.

Higher prevalence rates were observed among younger women, Black women, and those with lower education.

Abstract

Gum disease during pregnancy is not just a dental issue but a significant public health concern with potential implications for maternal and child health. This study aims to estimate the national prevalence of gum disease among pregnant women and examine the association of maternal gum disease during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes.

A retrospective case-control study used the PRAMS (phase 8, 2016–2020) dataset. Propensity score matching was employed to match cases in a 1:3 ratio. Logistic regression was used to test the associations between maternal gum disease, low birth weight, and small gestational age.

The study revealed a prevalence rate of 207 cases per 100,000 pregnant women. Notable differences were observed, with higher prevalence rates among younger women (20–24 yrs), racial minorities (Black women), and those with lower educational attainment (9–12 grade, no diploma). Maternal gum disease was associated with an increased risk of small for gestational age (SGA) and falls below the 10th percentile (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.56–3.75, p < 0.001), having babies with birthweight below 2500g are 3.51 times higher (OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 2.39–5.16, p < 0.001) compared to those who do not have gum disease.

The complex relationship between maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes necessitates immediate and comprehensive research to understand and address this issue, highlighting the immediate need for action to prevent potential health risks.

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