# Risk Factors Contributing to Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Kashmir: A Meta-Analysis

## TL;DR

This study identifies key risk factors for Hepatitis C in Kashmir, including drug use and unsafe medical practices, to help reduce its spread.

## Contribution

The study provides a meta-analysis of HCV risk factors specific to Kashmir, highlighting unsafe practices and high-risk groups.

## Key findings

- HCV prevalence in the general population was 38.37%, with injection drug use and dental procedures as major risk factors.
- Intravenous drug users had a 42.16% HCV prevalence, with most being young and from urban areas.
- Genotype 3 was the most common HCV strain in Jammu, and voluntary blood donation was found to be safe.

## Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a growing public health concern in Kashmir. This meta-analysis identifies and quantifies key risk factors associated with HCV in the region to guide public health interventions. A systematic review of six studies conducted in Jammu and Kashmir analyzed data from various population groups. The overall HCV prevalence in a general population survey was 38.37%, with injection drug use and dental procedures identified as major risk factors. Among hospitalized jaundiced children, 2% tested HCV-positive, both linked to chronic liver disease. A large retrospective study on blood donors (n = 97,427) found a low HCV prevalence (0.20%), with no cases among repeat voluntary donors, reinforcing the safety of voluntary blood donation. High-risk groups, including intravenous drug users (42.16%) and people who inject drugs (PWIDs) (10%), exhibited significantly higher HCV prevalence. Most PWIDs were young (69% aged 16-25 years) and from urban areas (73.5%). Financial constraints hindered treatment access for 17% of infected individuals. A molecular epidemiology study in Jammu reported 8.33% HCV prevalence, with genotype 3 being the most common strain. This meta-analysis highlights unsafe medical practices, intravenous drug use, and unregulated body modifications as major contributors to HCV transmission in Kashmir. Urgent interventions, including harm reduction programs, improved healthcare practices, and public awareness campaigns, are necessary to curb HCV spread in the region. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure and ensuring accessible treatment can significantly reduce HCV-related morbidity and mortality in Kashmir.