# A New Approach to Measuring Student–Teacher Relationship in Dental Education: Validation of the Working Alliance Inventory for Education (WAI-EDU)

## TL;DR

This study validates a new tool, the WAI-EDU, for measuring student-teacher relationships in dental education, showing it is reliable and effective.

## Contribution

The WAI-EDU is a novel adaptation of an existing instrument tailored for dental education to assess student-teacher relationships.

## Key findings

- The WAI-EDU showed high reliability with Cronbach’s α over 0.9 at all time points.
- The WAI-EDU correlated strongly with visual analogue scales for STR strength and quality.
- WAI-EDU scores increased significantly after one week of education, indicating improved student-teacher relationships.

## Abstract

This study aimed at an initial validation of the Working Alliance Inventory for Education (WAI-EDU), an instrument to assess student–teacher relationship (STR).

The WAI-EDU was derived from the original Working Alliance Inventory to fit the context of higher education. Following a pre-test, the tool was applied to two different study settings. In the first study part, 81 clinical students completed the WAI-EDU at baseline, after 1 h (t1), and after 1 w (t2), to assess reliability. For comparison, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was also used to evaluate STR. In the second study part, 60 preclinical students completed the WAI-EDU at baseline and at a follow-up after 1 week of intensive education. Cronbach’s α, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Mann–Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis.

Cronbach’s α of the WAI-EDU was higher than 0.9 at each time point in the cohort of 81 students. The test–retest-reliability was highest between baseline and t1 (r = 0.928). Even between baseline and t2, and between t1 and t2, values higher than r = 0.8 were determined. In addition, the WAI-EDU correlated with VAS scales for strength (r = 0.627, p < 0.01) and quality of STR (r = 0.596, p < 0.01). After 1 week of teaching in the second cohort (n = 60), a significantly higher WAI-EDU sum score was revealed (47.43 ± 7.46 vs. 40.73 ± 8.08, p < 0.01). During 1 week of education, similar to the WAI-EDU results, the VAS values for STR increased significantly (p < 0.01).

The WAI-EDU demonstrated robust reliability and validity in measuring STR. These findings suggest that the WAI-EDU is a promising tool for evaluating STR.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-025-02306-x.