# Reprogramming of liver metabolism during West Nile virus infection unveils novel aspects of disease pathophysiology

## TL;DR

This study reveals how West Nile virus infection alters liver metabolism, even without viral replication, offering new insights into the disease's effects on the liver.

## Contribution

The study identifies novel metabolic changes in the liver during WNV infection, highlighting previously underestimated aspects of the disease's pathophysiology.

## Key findings

- WNV infection causes hepatic transcriptomic reprogramming affecting inflammation, immunity, and lipid metabolism.
- Lipidomic analysis shows increased sphingolipids, triacylglycerols, and cholesteryl esters, alongside reduced cholesterol and phospholipids.
- Histopathological evidence supports the development of steatosis in a third of infected animals.

## Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis and meningitis worldwide. About 20% of infected patients exhibit abnormal liver function tests, although the participation of this organ in the pathophysiology of the disease remains unclear. To fill this gap, this study explores changes in liver metabolism during WNV infection.

Given the relevance of the liver as a major immune and metabolic organ, the changes in response to WNV infection were analyzed in the mouse model combining transcriptomics, lipidomics and histopathological analyses.

Despite the absence of detectable viral replication in the liver, infection resulted in hepatic transcriptomic reprogramming that affected inflammation, immunity, biological oxidation and lipid metabolisms. Changes in the expression of genes related to glutathione metabolism, detoxification reactions, fatty acid metabolism (fatty acid oxidation and fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis), phospholipid synthesis (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine), sphingolipid synthesis, sterol metabolism and lipid droplet organization were identified. The reduction in glutathione in the liver of infected animals was confirmed and lipidomic analyses showed an increase in the content of sphingolipids, triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters. A decrease in the cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels was also observed. Moreover, histopathological findings supported the development of steatosis in one-third of WNV-infected animals.

The discovery of these underestimated metabolic aspects of the infection repurposes the impact of WNV on liver function. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the physiopathology of the disease and warrant special attention to liver function during WNV infection.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-025-01300-8.